Greek Tragedies (e.g., Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Medea by Euripides) -

Greek Tragedies (e.g., Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Medea by Euripides) ?

Greek tragedies like Oedipus Rex and Medea are timeless masterpieces that continue to resonate with audiences today.

Key elements that define Greek tragedy:

Tragic Hero: The protagonist is usually a person of high status who suffers a downfall due to a tragic flaw (hamartia), often hubris (excessive pride).
Fate vs. Free Will: Characters grapple with their destinies, often predetermined by the gods, while also making choices that lead to their ruin.
Chorus: A group of performers who comment on the action, providing context and moral commentary.
Catharsis: The audience experiences a purging of emotions (pity and fear) through witnessing the tragic events.

Some of the most famous Greek tragedians and their works:

Aeschylus (c. 525-456 BCE): Known as the “father of tragedy,” he emphasized dialogue and conflict between characters. His famous works include The Oresteia (a trilogy consisting of Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, and The Eumenides).Opens in a new window en.wikipedia.org Aeschylus, Greek Tragedian
Sophocles (c. 497-406 BCE): Focused on individual characters and their psychological struggles. His most famous plays are the Theban plays: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, and Antigone.Opens in a new window www.britannica.com Sophocles, Greek Tragedian
Euripides (c. 480-406 BCE): Known for his strong female characters and his questioning of traditional values. His notable works include Medea, The Trojan Women, and The Bacchae.Opens in a new window www.britannica.com Euripides, Greek Tragedian

The enduring impact of Greek tragedy:

These plays explore universal themes such as fate, free will, justice, revenge, and the human condition. They have had a profound influence on Western literature and drama, inspiring countless playwrights, authors, and filmmakers throughout the centuries.

What is Greek Tragedies (e.g., Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Medea by Euripides)

Greek tragedies were a popular and influential form of drama performed in ancient Greece from around the 6th century BCE. These plays explored profound themes such as fate, free will, justice, and the consequences of human actions.

Dionysus, the Greek god of wine and theatre

Origins and Evolution

Greek tragedy originated in Athens as part of religious festivals honoring Dionysus, the god of wine and theatre. These performances evolved from choral songs and dances into dramatic enactments of myths and legends.

Key Characteristics

Tragic Hero: The protagonist is typically a person of high social standing who experiences a reversal of fortune due to a tragic flaw (hamartia), often hubris (excessive pride).
Chorus: A group of performers who provide commentary on the action, representing the voice of society or the gods.
Fate vs. Free Will: Characters grapple with their destinies, often predetermined by prophecies or divine intervention, while also making choices that lead to their downfall.
Catharsis: The audience experiences a purging of emotions (pity and fear) through witnessing the tragic events, leading to a sense of emotional cleansing.

Famous Playwrights and Plays

Aeschylus (c. 525-456 BCE): Known as the “father of tragedy,” he emphasized dialogue and conflict between characters. His famous works include The Oresteia (a trilogy consisting of Agamemnon, The Libation Bearers, and The Eumenides).
Sophocles (c. 497-406 BCE): Focused on individual characters and their psychological struggles. His most famous plays are the Theban plays: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, and Antigone.
Euripides (c. 480-406 BCE): Known for his strong female characters and his questioning of traditional values. His notable works include Medea, The Trojan Women, and The Bacchae.

Enduring Influence

Greek tragedies have had a profound impact on Western literature, drama, and thought. They continue to be studied and performed today, offering insights into the human condition and the timeless struggles of individuals against fate and their own flaws.

Who is required Greek Tragedies (e.g., Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Medea by Euripides) ?

In ancient Greece, attending tragedies at the theatre of Dionysus was considered an essential part of civic life, particularly for Athenian citizens.

Ancient Greek Theatre

Audience in Ancient Greece

The audience for Greek tragedies was primarily composed of Athenian citizens, who were expected to attend as part of their civic and religious duties. The plays were performed in open-air theaters, and attendance was often very large, with audiences potentially numbering in the thousands.

Athenian citizens in Ancient Greece

Modern Relevance

Today, Greek tragedies are studied and appreciated by people all over the world for their literary, historical, and philosophical value. They are often included in educational curricula at various levels, from high school to university, in courses on literature, classics, philosophy, and theater studies.

Students studying Greek tragedies

Key Reasons for Studying Greek Tragedies

Timeless Themes: Greek tragedies explore universal themes such as fate, free will, justice, revenge, and the human condition, which continue to resonate with audiences today.
Literary and Dramatic Value: The plays are masterpieces of dramatic writing, characterized by powerful language, complex characters, and intricate plots.
Historical Insight: Greek tragedies provide valuable insights into the culture, society, and beliefs of ancient Greece.
Philosophical Exploration: The plays raise profound questions about human existence, morality, and the nature of the universe.

In conclusion, while Greek tragedies were originally written for performance in ancient Greece, they continue to be relevant and valuable to people today due to their enduring themes, literary and dramatic merit, historical significance, and philosophical depth.

When is required Greek Tragedies (e.g., Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Medea by Euripides) ?

Greek tragedies were originally performed in ancient Greece as part of religious and civic festivals.

Key Occasions for Performance

The City Dionysia: This was the most important festival in Athens, held in honor of the god Dionysus, the god of wine, theatre, and religious ecstasy. Tragedies were performed as part of a competition, with playwrights presenting trilogies of plays followed by a satyr play (a comedic and often bawdy short play).Opens in a new window roadrunnersguidetotheancientworld.wordpress.com City Dionysia festival in Athens
The Lenaia: Another Athenian festival dedicated to Dionysus, held in midwinter. This festival also included dramatic performances, though it was less prestigious than the City Dionysia.Opens in a new window traveling-cook.com Lenaia festival in Athens
Other Festivals: Tragedies may have also been performed at other local festivals and religious occasions throughout the year.

Timing of Performances

Late March: The City Dionysia took place in late March, coinciding with the end of winter and the beginning of spring. This was a time of renewal and celebration.
Daytime: Performances were held during the daytime in large open-air theaters.
Specific Days: At the City Dionysia, tragedies were typically performed over several days, with each playwright presenting their works on a designated day.

Modern Performances

Today, Greek tragedies are performed in various contexts:

Theaters: Professional and amateur theater companies around the world stage productions of Greek tragedies.
Educational Institutions: Schools and universities often include Greek tragedies in their drama programs.
Festivals: Some modern festivals are dedicated to classical drama, including Greek tragedy.

In conclusion, while Greek tragedies were originally performed in ancient Greece as part of religious and civic festivals, they continue to be relevant and are performed today in various settings around the world.

COURTESY : World History Encyclopedia

Where is required Greek Tragedies (e.g., Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Medea by Euripides) ?

Greek tragedies were originally performed in ancient Greece, primarily in Athens, in large open-air theaters.

Theatre of Dionysus in Athens

Key Locations for Performance

The Theatre of Dionysus: Located at the foot of the Acropolis in Athens, this was the most important theater in ancient Greece and the primary venue for the City Dionysia festival.Opens in a new window www.acropolis-tickets.com Acropolis in Athens
Other Theaters in Athens: While the Theatre of Dionysus was the most prominent, other theaters existed in Athens and its surrounding areas.
Theaters Throughout Greece: As the popularity of tragedy spread, theaters were built in other cities and regions throughout the Greek world.

Characteristics of Ancient Greek Theaters

Open-Air Structure: Theaters were built outdoors, taking advantage of natural slopes for seating.
Orchestra: A circular space at the center where the chorus performed.
Skene: A building behind the orchestra used as a backdrop and for actors to change costumes.
Seating: Tiered seating areas (theatron) provided views of the performance for thousands of spectators.

Modern Performances

Today, Greek tragedies are performed in a variety of locations:

Modern Theaters: Traditional indoor theaters around the world stage productions of Greek tragedies.
Outdoor Amphitheaters: Some productions utilize outdoor spaces to evoke the atmosphere of ancient Greek theaters.
Educational Institutions: Schools and universities often have their own theaters or performance spaces where Greek tragedies are staged.
Festivals: Some modern festivals dedicated to classical drama or world theater include performances of Greek tragedies.

In conclusion, while Greek tragedies were originally performed in ancient Greece in large open-air theaters, they continue to be performed today in various locations around the world, both indoors and outdoors.

How is required Greek Tragedies (e.g., Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Medea by Euripides) ?

The performance of Greek tragedies in ancient Greece was a complex and highly stylized affair, involving a combination of dramatic elements.

scene from a Greek tragedy

Key Elements of Performance

Actors: All actors were male and wore masks with exaggerated expressions to convey different emotions. They also wore elaborate costumes to indicate their characters’ social status and roles.
Chorus: A group of performers who sang, danced, and recited lines, providing commentary on the action and representing the voice of the community or the gods.
Music and Dance: Music played on instruments like the aulos (a double-reed pipe) accompanied the performances, and the chorus engaged in stylized movements and dances.
Dialogue and Delivery: The actors delivered their lines in a formal and elevated style, often using poetic language and rhetorical devices.

Structure of a Typical Tragedy

Prologue: An introductory scene that provides background information and sets the stage for the play.
Parodos: The entrance of the chorus, who sing and dance their first ode.
Episodes: Scenes of dialogue between the actors, which alternate with choral odes.
Stasimon: Choral odes that comment on the action and explore the themes of the play.
Exodos: The final scene, in which the chorus exits and the play concludes.

Modern Productions

Modern productions of Greek tragedies often adapt these elements to contemporary tastes while still attempting to capture the essence of the original performances. Some productions may use more naturalistic acting styles, while others may emphasize the ritualistic and stylized aspects of ancient Greek theatre.

modern production of a Greek tragedy

In conclusion, the performance of Greek tragedies in ancient Greece was a rich and multifaceted experience, combining acting, music, dance, and poetry to explore profound themes and engage audiences in a powerful and moving way.

Case study is Greek Tragedies (e.g., Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Medea by Euripides) ?

A case study on Greek tragedies like Oedipus Rex and Medea can offer a fascinating exploration of human nature, morality, and the consequences of individual choices. Here’s a breakdown of how we can approach these plays as case studies:

1. Defining the Case:

Oedipus Rex: The case of a man who unknowingly fulfills a prophecy by killing his father and marrying his mother, leading to devastating consequences for himself and his family.
Medea: The case of a woman who seeks revenge on her unfaithful husband by murdering their children, exploring themes of betrayal, passion, and the plight of women in ancient Greek society.

2. Key Issues and Themes:

Fate vs. Free Will: To what extent are the characters’ actions predetermined by fate, and to what extent are they responsible for their choices?
Tragic Flaw (Hamartia): What are the characters’ flaws or errors in judgment that contribute to their downfall? In Oedipus’ case, it’s his hubris (excessive pride) and his relentless pursuit of truth. For Medea, it’s her overwhelming rage and desire for revenge.
Justice and Revenge: What constitutes justice in these plays? Is revenge a justifiable response to wrongdoing?
The Role of the Gods: How do the gods influence the events and the characters’ lives?
Suffering and Catharsis: How do the characters’ suffering evoke pity and fear in the audience, leading to a sense of catharsis (emotional cleansing)?

3. Analysis and Discussion:

Character Analysis: Examine the motivations, actions, and relationships of the main characters. How do their personalities and choices contribute to the tragic outcomes?
Dramatic Structure: Analyze the plot development, use of dramatic irony, and the role of the chorus in shaping the narrative and conveying the play’s themes.
Social and Cultural Context: Consider the values, beliefs, and social structures of ancient Greece and how they are reflected in the plays.
Enduring Relevance: Discuss the ways in which these plays continue to resonate with contemporary audiences and offer insights into the human condition.

4. Potential Questions for Discussion:

Is Oedipus a victim of fate or a perpetrator of his own destiny?
Are Medea’s actions justifiable given the circumstances?
What do these plays suggest about the nature of justice and revenge?
How do these tragedies reflect the social and cultural values of ancient Greece?
What can we learn from these plays about human nature and the consequences of our choices?

By examining Greek tragedies as case studies, we can gain a deeper understanding of these complex and enduring works of literature and their continuing relevance to our lives today.

COURTESY : English Literature Guide

White paper on Greek Tragedies (e.g., Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Medea by Euripides) ?

White Paper: Enduring Relevance of Greek Tragedies

Abstract:

Greek tragedies, born from ancient Athenian dramatic festivals, continue to captivate and challenge audiences millennia later. This white paper explores the key elements of Greek tragedy, focusing on Oedipus Rex by Sophocles and Medea by Euripides, and analyzes their enduring relevance in contemporary society. By examining themes of fate, free will, justice, and the human condition, we demonstrate how these ancient plays offer profound insights into the timeless struggles of individuals and societies.

1. Introduction:

Greek tragedy emerged in the 6th century BCE as a significant form of dramatic expression in ancient Greece. Performed in honor of the god Dionysus, these plays explored profound moral, philosophical, and social issues. The works of playwrights like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides have had a lasting impact on Western literature and thought. This paper focuses on two prominent examples:

Oedipus Rex: Sophocles’ masterpiece tells the story of King Oedipus, who unknowingly fulfills a prophecy by killing his father and marrying his mother.
Medea: Euripides’ play portrays Medea, a woman who exacts a brutal revenge on her unfaithful husband, Jason, by murdering their children.

2. Key Elements of Greek Tragedy:

Several key elements define Greek tragedy and contribute to its enduring power:

Tragic Hero: The protagonist is typically a person of high status who suffers a downfall due to a tragic flaw (hamartia), often hubris (excessive pride).
Fate vs. Free Will: Characters grapple with their destinies, often predetermined by prophecies or divine intervention, while also making choices that lead to their ruin.
Chorus: A group of performers who provide commentary on the action, representing the voice of society or the gods.
Catharsis: The audience experiences a purging of emotions (pity and fear) through witnessing the tragic events.

3. Case Studies:

3.1 Oedipus Rex:

Case Summary: Oedipus’ relentless pursuit of truth, despite warnings, leads him to discover his horrific crimes. His hubris and determination to control his own destiny ultimately lead to his downfall.
Key Themes: Fate vs. free will, the nature of truth and knowledge, guilt and responsibility.
Relevance: Oedipus’ story explores the human desire for control in a chaotic world and the devastating consequences of ignorance.

3.2 Medea:

Case Summary: Medea’s passionate rage and desire for revenge drive her to commit an unspeakable act. Her plight as a woman in a patriarchal society adds another layer of complexity to her tragedy.
Key Themes: Revenge, betrayal, the plight of women in ancient Greece, the destructive power of passion.
Relevance: Medea’s story raises questions about justice, morality, and the consequences of unchecked emotions.

4. Enduring Relevance:

Greek tragedies continue to resonate with contemporary audiences for several reasons:

Universal Themes: The plays explore timeless themes such as love, loss, revenge, justice, and the human condition, which transcend cultural and historical boundaries.
Psychological Insight: The characters are complex and psychologically compelling, offering insights into human motivations and behavior.
Social Commentary: The plays often critique social and political structures, raising questions about power, justice, and morality.
Dramatic Power: The plays are masterfully crafted, with powerful language, dramatic irony, and emotional intensity.

5. Conclusion:

Greek tragedies like Oedipus Rex and Medea remain powerful and relevant works of literature. They challenge us to confront difficult questions about fate, free will, justice, and the human condition. By exploring these timeless themes, Greek tragedies continue to offer profound insights into ourselves and the world around us.

Further Research:

The works of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides
The history of ancient Greek theatre
The influence of Greek tragedy on Western literature and drama
Modern interpretations and adaptations of Greek tragedies

This white paper provides a foundation for understanding the enduring relevance of Greek tragedies. Further research and exploration of these works will undoubtedly yield even greater insights into their power and significance.

Industrial application of Greek Tragedies (e.g., Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Medea by Euripides) ?

While Greek tragedies like Oedipus Rex and Medea are primarily known for their artistic and philosophical value, their exploration of human nature, decision-making, and unintended consequences can offer valuable insights applicable to various industries. Here are some examples:

1. Risk Management and Decision-Making:

Oedipus Rex: This play serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of ignoring warnings and pursuing a single course of action without considering potential consequences. In industries like finance, engineering, and healthcare, where decisions carry significant risks, the story of Oedipus highlights the importance of thorough analysis, diverse perspectives, and contingency planning.
Application: Businesses can use the “Oedipus effect” as a metaphor for the potential pitfalls of unchecked ambition and the importance of acknowledging potential downsides. Risk assessment frameworks can incorporate the idea of unintended consequences and the need for careful evaluation of all possible outcomes.

2. Leadership and Organizational Behavior:

Oedipus Rex: Oedipus’s leadership style, marked by his initial confidence and later descent into paranoia, offers valuable lessons for modern leaders. The play highlights the importance of humility, self-awareness, and the ability to listen to advice.
Medea: Medea’s story, while extreme, can be interpreted as a study of workplace conflict and the destructive potential of unchecked emotions. It underscores the importance of fostering a healthy work environment, addressing grievances constructively, and preventing situations from escalating into destructive conflicts.
Application: Leadership training programs can use these plays to illustrate the importance of emotional intelligence, ethical decision-making, and the potential consequences of leadership styles.

3. Human Resources and Ethics:

Medea: Medea’s actions raise ethical questions about revenge, justice, and the treatment of individuals within a society. In a business context, this can be applied to discussions of workplace ethics, fair treatment of employees, and the importance of resolving conflicts in a just and equitable manner.
Application: HR departments can use these plays to facilitate discussions on ethical dilemmas, workplace harassment, and the importance of creating a culture of respect and fairness.

4. Marketing and Communications:

General Application: Greek tragedies often involve powerful storytelling, emotional engagement, and the exploration of universal themes. These elements can be applied to marketing and communication strategies to create compelling narratives that resonate with target audiences.
Application: Companies can use archetypal characters and storylines inspired by Greek tragedies to develop marketing campaigns that tap into deep-seated human emotions and motivations.

5. Conflict Resolution and Mediation:

Medea: Medea’s story provides a stark example of how unresolved conflict can escalate into tragedy. It highlights the importance of effective communication, mediation, and finding constructive solutions to disputes.
Application: Mediators and conflict resolution professionals can use examples from Greek tragedies to illustrate the destructive consequences of unchecked conflict and the importance of finding common ground.

It’s important to note that applying Greek tragedies to industrial settings requires careful interpretation and adaptation. The goal is not to directly replicate the tragic events but rather to extract valuable lessons about human behavior, decision-making, and the potential consequences of actions. By drawing parallels between these ancient stories and contemporary challenges, businesses can gain valuable insights and improve their practices in various areas.

Research and development of Greek Tragedies (e.g., Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Medea by Euripides) ?

The “research and development” of Greek tragedies, in the context of their historical creation and evolution, is a fascinating topic. It involves understanding how these dramatic forms emerged, developed, and changed over time. Here’s a breakdown of this process:

1. Origins in Religious Rituals:

Greek tragedy is believed to have originated from ancient rituals and ceremonies dedicated to Dionysus, the god of wine, fertility, and theatre.
These rituals involved choral songs and dances called dithyrambs, which gradually evolved into more dramatic performances with actors and dialogue.

2. Key Figures and Innovations:

Thespis: Often considered the “father of tragedy,” Thespis is credited with introducing the first actor who stepped out from the chorus and engaged in dialogue. This innovation marked a crucial step in the development of tragedy as a distinct dramatic form.
Aeschylus: Known as the “father of tragedy,” Aeschylus further developed the form by introducing a second actor, allowing for more complex dramatic interactions and conflicts. He also emphasized the use of trilogies, presenting three related tragedies in a single performance.
Sophocles: Sophocles introduced a third actor, increasing the possibilities for dramatic complexity and character development. He also focused on individual characters and their psychological struggles, as seen in Oedipus Rex.
Euripides: Euripides was known for his innovative and often controversial approaches to tragedy. He explored more realistic and human themes, questioned traditional values, and portrayed strong female characters like Medea.

3. Development of Dramatic Elements:

Chorus: The chorus played a crucial role in early tragedies, providing commentary on the action, representing the voice of the community, and engaging in song and dance. Over time, the role of the chorus diminished as the focus shifted more towards the interactions between individual characters.
Dialogue and Language: The language of Greek tragedy is highly poetic and stylized, often using elevated diction, metaphors, and rhetorical devices. The development of dialogue allowed for more complex storytelling and exploration of character motivations.
Structure and Form: Greek tragedies typically follow a specific structure, including a prologue, parodos (entrance of the chorus), episodes (scenes of dialogue), stasimons (choral odes), and exodos (final scene). This structure provided a framework for the dramatic action and helped to convey the play’s themes.

4. Influence of Mythology and History:

Greek tragedies often drew their subject matter from mythology and legendary stories, providing a shared cultural context for the audience.
Some tragedies also dealt with historical events and contemporary issues, reflecting the social and political concerns of ancient Athens.

5. Performance and Reception:

Greek tragedies were performed in large open-air theaters as part of religious and civic festivals, most notably the City Dionysia in Athens.
The performances were highly competitive, with playwrights vying for prizes and recognition.
The audience played an active role in the theatrical experience, responding to the performances with emotional engagement and critical judgment.

Modern Research and Development:

Today, research on Greek tragedy continues in various fields:

Classical Studies: Scholars study the texts, language, and historical context of Greek tragedies to gain a deeper understanding of their meaning and significance.
Theatre Studies: Researchers explore the performance aspects of Greek tragedy, including acting, staging, and audience reception.
Literary Criticism: Critics analyze the themes, characters, and dramatic structure of Greek tragedies, examining their enduring relevance and influence on literature and culture.
Adaptation and Performance: Contemporary playwrights and directors continue to adapt and reinterpret Greek tragedies for modern audiences, exploring new ways to stage these ancient works and connect them to contemporary issues.

By studying the historical development of Greek tragedy and engaging with these plays in new and innovative ways, we can continue to learn from these timeless works of art and explore their enduring power to illuminate the human condition.

courtesy :
Foxwede History

References

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^ Gregory (2005), p. 3
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Euripides (2001). “Medea”, in Euripides I. David Kovacs (ed. & tr.). Cambridge, MA; London, England: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press. p. 277. ISBN 9780674995604.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Helene P. Foley. Reimagining Greek Tragedy on the American Stage. University of California Press, 1 Sep 2012, p. 190
^ Jump up to:^a ^b See (e.g.) Rabinowitz (1993), pp. 125–54; McDonald (1997), p. 307; Mastronarde (2002), pp. 26–8; Griffiths (2006), pp. 74–5; Mitchell-Boyask (2008), p. xx
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Allan, William (2002). Euripides: Medea. Duckworth. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9781472539779.
^ Tessitore, Aristide. “Euripides’ ‘Medea’ and the Problem of Spiritedness.” The Review of Politics, vol. 53, no. 4, 1991, pp. 587–601. JSTOR, JSTOR 1407307. Accessed 27 Apr. 2023.
^ Ewans (2007), p. 55
^ This theory of Euripides’ invention has gained wide acceptance. See (e.g.) McDermott (1989), p. 12; Powell (1990), p. 35; Sommerstein (2002), p. 16; Griffiths (2006), p. 81; Ewans (2007), p. 55.
^ Diodorus Siculus 4.56
^ “Korinthian Women and the Plot Against Medea”. Sententiaeantiquae.com. 26 March 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ Hall, Edith. 1997. “Introduction” in Medea: Hippolytus; Electra; Helen Oxford University Press. pp. ix–xxxv.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Lootens, Barbara J. (1986). “Images of Women in Greek Drama”. Feminist Teacher. 2 (1): 24–28. ISSN 0882-4843. JSTOR 25680553.
^ Macintosh, Fiona (2007). “Oedipus and Medea on the Modern Stage”. In Brown, Sarah Annes; Silverstone, Catherine (eds.). Tragedy in Transition. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-40-513546-7. [Medea] has successfully negotiated her path through very diverse cultural and political contexts: either by being radically recast as ‘exemplary’ mother and wife, or by being seen as proto-feminist wrongly abandoned by a treacherous husband.
^ Williamson, Margaret (1990). “A Woman’s Place in Euripides’ Medea”. In Powell, Anton (ed.). Euripides, Women, and Sexuality (1st ed.). London, UK: Routledge. pp. 16–31. ISBN 0-415-01025-X.
^ DuBois (1991), pp. 115–24; Hall (1991), passim; Saïd (2002), pp. 62–100
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^ Med. 610-12
^ Med. 624-26
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^ See McDermott 1985, 10-15.
^ Hyginus Fabulae 25; Ovid Met. 7.391ff.; Seneca Medea; Bibliotheca 1.9.28 favors Euripides’ version of events, but also records the variant that the Corinthians killed Medea’s children in retaliation for her crimes.
^ Pausanias 2.3.6-11
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^ “The plot of Doctor Foster is actually 2,500 years old, reveals writer Mike Bartlett”. Radio Times. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
^ de Chantilly, Marc Vaulbert. “Wodhull, Michael”. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29818. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ “The Internet Classics Archive – Medea by Euripides”. classics.mit.edu. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
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^ Lucas, F. L., Euripides: Medea; verse translation, with introduction and notes (Oxford University Press, 1924)
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^ Stuttard, David, Looking at Medea: Essays and a translation of Euripides’ tragedy (Bloomsbury Academic 2014)
^ Ewans, Michael ‘Euripides’ Medea; translation and theatrical commentary’ (Routledge 2022)

Vrindawan Academy

Greek Tragedies (e.g., Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Medea by Euripides)