Cha-Cha -

Moblie:- 8668266780

Vrindawan Academy

Cha-Cha

Courtesy : Gilbert Rufo Estrada

Cha-Cha ?

“Cha-Cha” can refer to a few different things depending on the context. Could you clarify what you mean? Here are some possibilities:

  1. Dance: The Cha-Cha (or Cha-Cha-Cha) is a lively and rhythmic Latin dance that originated in Cuba, often danced to upbeat Latin music.
  2. Music: Cha-Cha music accompanies the dance, characterized by its syncopated rhythm.
  3. Food or Beverage: “Cha” is a term for tea in several languages, and “Cha-Cha” could sometimes refer to a type of tea or beverage.
  4. Nickname or Term of Endearment: It might be used as a nickname or affectionate term.
  5. General Reference: It could be slang or part of pop culture (e.g., in songs or movies).

Let me know what you’re referring to

What is Cha-Cha ?

The Cha-Cha, also known as the Cha-Cha-Cha, is a popular Latin dance and musical style that originated in Cuba in the 1940s and 1950s. Here’s a deeper look at its aspects:


1. Dance Style

  • Origin: The dance was derived from the Cuban danzón and mambo styles, influenced by Afro-Cuban rhythms.
  • Name: The name “Cha-Cha-Cha” mimics the shuffling steps dancers make during the rhythm.
  • Steps:
    • The basic Cha-Cha step involves a “two, three, cha-cha-cha” rhythm.
    • It is characterized by small, quick steps and hip movements, giving it a fun and flirtatious vibe.
  • Popularity: It’s often danced in social settings, ballroom competitions, and even fitness classes.

2. Music Style

  • Tempo: Cha-Cha music has a medium-fast tempo, typically in 4/4 time.
  • Rhythm: The music has a syncopated beat, emphasizing the “cha-cha-cha” pattern.
  • Instrumentation: It often features instruments like maracas, bongos, claves, and cowbells, alongside a brass or piano melody.
  • Famous Musicians: Artists like Enrique Jorrín, a Cuban violinist, are credited with popularizing Cha-Cha music.

3. Social and Cultural Impact

  • Cha-Cha became a worldwide phenomenon in the 1950s and is now a staple of ballroom dancing.
  • It’s often taught to beginners due to its relatively simple steps and engaging rhythm.
  • It’s featured in movies, musicals, and dance competitions globally.

Would you like to learn more about the dance steps, history, or music? 😊

What is Cha-Cha ?

The Cha-Cha, also known as the Cha-Cha-Cha, is a popular Latin dance and musical style that originated in Cuba in the 1940s and 1950s. Here’s a deeper look at its aspects:


1. Dance Style

  • Origin: The dance was derived from the Cuban danzón and mambo styles, influenced by Afro-Cuban rhythms.
  • Name: The name “Cha-Cha-Cha” mimics the shuffling steps dancers make during the rhythm.
  • Steps:
    • The basic Cha-Cha step involves a “two, three, cha-cha-cha” rhythm.
    • It is characterized by small, quick steps and hip movements, giving it a fun and flirtatious vibe.
  • Popularity: It’s often danced in social settings, ballroom competitions, and even fitness classes.

2. Music Style

  • Tempo: Cha-Cha music has a medium-fast tempo, typically in 4/4 time.
  • Rhythm: The music has a syncopated beat, emphasizing the “cha-cha-cha” pattern.
  • Instrumentation: It often features instruments like maracas, bongos, claves, and cowbells, alongside a brass or piano melody.
  • Famous Musicians: Artists like Enrique Jorrín, a Cuban violinist, are credited with popularizing Cha-Cha music.

3. Social and Cultural Impact

  • Cha-Cha became a worldwide phenomenon in the 1950s and is now a staple of ballroom dancing.
  • It’s often taught to beginners due to its relatively simple steps and engaging rhythm.
  • It’s featured in movies, musicals, and dance competitions globally.

Would you like to learn more about the dance steps, history, or music? 😊

Who is required cha -cha ?

The Cha-Cha is primarily associated with dance and music, so the people or groups who might “require” it typically fall into specific categories:


1. Dancers

  • Social Dancers: People who enjoy Latin social dancing often learn the Cha-Cha for parties, clubs, or cultural events.
  • Ballroom Dancers: Cha-Cha is a key dance in Latin Ballroom Dancing competitions under the International DanceSport category.
  • Dance Students: Beginners learning Latin dance styles are often introduced to the Cha-Cha due to its simplicity and fun rhythm.

2. Dance Instructors and Studios

  • Dance schools and instructors need Cha-Cha as part of their repertoire for teaching Latin dance styles to students.

3. Musicians and Bands

  • Latin Bands: Musicians playing Latin jazz or Cuban music may perform Cha-Cha music for concerts, events, or recordings.
  • Composers: Those creating music for dance competitions or shows often include Cha-Cha tracks.

4. Event Organizers

  • Social Events: Weddings, dance nights, or cultural festivals often feature Cha-Cha as part of their entertainment lineup.
  • Competitions: Dance competitions frequently include Cha-Cha as a required style for Latin categories.

5. Fitness Enthusiasts

  • Cha-Cha-inspired movements are sometimes incorporated into dance-based fitness programs like Zumba or other Latin cardio workouts.

6. Anyone Looking for Fun!

  • Anyone interested in learning a lively, rhythmic dance for exercise, social interaction, or pure enjoyment can “require” the Cha-Cha.

If you’re interested in learning the Cha-Cha or using it for a specific purpose, I can guide you on how to get s

When is required Cha-Cha ?

The Cha-Cha is “required” or commonly used in various contexts, depending on the purpose or event. Here are situations when the Cha-Cha might be needed:


1. Dance Competitions

  • Ballroom Dance Events: Cha-Cha is one of the required dances in Latin Ballroom competitions.
  • Amateur or Professional Levels: Both beginner and advanced dance competitors often perform Cha-Cha as part of their routines.

2. Social Events

  • Parties and Gatherings: At Latin-themed events, clubs, or dance socials, the Cha-Cha is a popular dance style.
  • Weddings: Some wedding dances include Cha-Cha routines, especially if the couple or guests enjoy Latin dances.

3. Dance Classes

  • Beginner Lessons: Instructors often teach Cha-Cha to introduce students to Latin dance rhythms.
  • Advanced Training: Students learning Latin ballroom dance styles will focus on Cha-Cha as part of their curriculum.

4. Cultural Festivals

  • Celebrations featuring Latin or Cuban culture frequently include the Cha-Cha as a part of dance performances or public dance sessions.

5. Fitness Programs

  • Dance Workouts: Fitness programs like Zumba or dance aerobics sometimes use Cha-Cha-inspired movements to make workouts fun and engaging.

6. Entertainment and Media

  • Dance Shows: Programs like Dancing with the Stars or So You Think You Can Dance often feature Cha-Cha as part of their routines.
  • Theater and Film: Cha-Cha sequences appear in musicals and movies (e.g., Latin dance-centric films).

7. Educational Settings

  • Schools and Academies: Cha-Cha may be included in performing arts or cultural studies programs.
  • Workshops: Dance workshops often introduce participants to the Cha-Cha for skill-building or cultural appreciation.

8. Personal Fun or Leisure

  • People looking for a fun way to exercise, improve coordination, or simply enjoy Latin music might require Cha-Cha in their recreational activities.

Would you like to know how to get started with Cha-Cha for any specific purpose? 😊

Where is required Cha-Cha ?

The Cha-Cha is “required” or commonly practiced in specific locations and settings that involve dance, music, or cultural activities. Here’s a list of places where Cha-Cha is essential or popular:


1. Dance Studios

  • Cha-Cha is taught in dance academies and studios as part of Latin or ballroom dance programs.
  • Both beginners and advanced dancers learn it as a core component of Latin dance styles.

2. Ballrooms and Dance Halls

  • Ballroom Competitions: Events held in ballrooms often require Cha-Cha as part of the Latin dance category.
  • Social Dance Nights: Cha-Cha is popular in social dance settings, where attendees participate in Latin dance sessions.

3. Fitness Centers

  • Zumba Classes: Fitness studios incorporate Cha-Cha-inspired steps in dance workouts.
  • Dance Aerobics: Movements based on Cha-Cha are often used for cardiovascular and rhythm-based fitness routines.

4. Cultural and Social Events

  • Latin Dance Clubs: Clubs specializing in Latin music and dance often play Cha-Cha music for dancing.
  • Cultural Festivals: Celebrations of Cuban, Latin American, or Caribbean culture often feature Cha-Cha performances or open dance floors.

5. Schools and Universities

  • Performing Arts Classes: Cha-Cha is part of dance curriculums in schools focusing on cultural or performance arts education.
  • Workshops and Events: Colleges might host dance workshops or events where Latin dances like Cha-Cha are highlighted.

6. Theaters and Entertainment Venues

  • Musicals and Dance Shows: Theater productions, especially those with a Latin theme, often include Cha-Cha routines.
  • Dance Competitions: Venues hosting shows like Dancing with the Stars or local dance contests require Cha-Cha performances.

7. Weddings and Celebrations

  • Cha-Cha is a fun and lively choice for group dancing or couple routines during receptions and parties.

8. Cruise Ships and Resorts

  • Many cruises and resorts offer dance lessons, including Cha-Cha, as part of their entertainment packages.

9. Anywhere with Latin Music

  • Wherever Latin music is played—whether in parks, open events, or even at home—Cha-Cha can be enjoyed on the spot!

Would you like to know where you can learn Cha-Cha or participate in such events in your area? 😊

How is required Cha-Cha ?

The Cha-Cha is “required” or used in different ways depending on the purpose or setting. Here’s how it becomes necessary or relevant in various contexts:


1. Competitions and Performances

  • Dance Technique: Cha-Cha requires mastering specific footwork, timing, and hip action:
    • “Two, three, cha-cha-cha” rhythm.
    • Precise, quick, and syncopated movements.
  • Dress Code: Competitors wear Latin-inspired costumes to enhance the performance, often featuring flowing skirts and fitted attire.
  • Judging Criteria: Judges look for rhythm, posture, and musicality in competitive Cha-Cha performances.

2. Dance Classes

  • Beginner Training: Students are required to start with basic steps and timing to build coordination.
  • Intermediate/Advanced: As dancers progress, they work on styling, spins, and partnering skills.
  • Music Understanding: Understanding Cha-Cha music’s syncopated beat is essential for proper execution.

3. Social Dancing

  • Partnering Skills: Social dancers need to know how to lead or follow to dance Cha-Cha seamlessly in casual settings.
  • Adaptability: The dance can be adjusted for crowded spaces or improvised with different styles.

4. Music and Rhythm

  • Tempo: Cha-Cha music is typically played at a tempo of 28–34 beats per minute (BPM) in competitions, requiring dancers to sync their movements.
  • Recognition: Being able to identify Cha-Cha music is crucial for dancers to perform accurately.

5. Cultural or Fitness Settings

  • Energy and Fun: The Cha-Cha’s lively, energetic steps are often required to engage participants in cultural festivals or fitness classes.
  • Group Participation: In Zumba or similar activities, simplified Cha-Cha steps are often included for group enjoyment.

6. Preparation and Practice

  • Time Commitment: Learning Cha-Cha requires practice to develop muscle memory and rhythm.
  • Physical Fitness: Since it’s a fast-paced dance, stamina, balance, and flexibility are necessary.

In essence, Cha-Cha is “required” in situations where rhythm, coordination, and a lively spirit are key—whether for a competition, a dance class, or just for fun. Would you like tips on how to get started with learning or practicing Cha-Cha? 😊

Case study is Cha-Cha ?

A case study on Cha-Cha could explore its origins, cultural significance, impact on the global dance community, or applications in specific contexts like competitions, fitness, or social events. Here’s an example structure for such a case study:


Case Study: The Impact of Cha-Cha on Global Dance Culture

1. Introduction

  • Overview of Cha-Cha as a Latin dance and musical style.
  • Origins in Cuba during the 1940s-50s, developed by musicians like Enrique Jorrín.
  • Its transition from a Cuban social dance to an international phenomenon in ballroom and popular culture.

2. Historical Context

  • Evolution from Danzón and Mambo styles.
  • How the unique “cha-cha-cha” rhythm was created to encourage simpler, accessible dancing for all.
  • The role of Cuban musicians and dancers in spreading Cha-Cha to Europe and the United States.

3. Globalization of Cha-Cha

  • Adoption into Ballroom Dance Competitions: The Cha-Cha is one of the five competitive Latin ballroom dances recognized by organizations like the World DanceSport Federation (WDSF).
  • Influence on pop culture, including movies, TV shows (Dancing with the Stars), and music.

4. Cultural and Social Impact

  • Social Dancing: Its popularity in clubs, parties, and social gatherings worldwide.
  • Fitness and Wellness: Cha-Cha-inspired movements used in fitness programs like Zumba.
  • Inclusivity: The simplicity of Cha-Cha steps allows participation from people of all ages and skill levels.

5. Case Example

Dance Competitions

  • Setting: An international ballroom competition in Europe.
  • Focus: How Cha-Cha routines are judged based on rhythm, footwork, and presentation.
  • Impact: Participants reported improved confidence, fitness, and social connections.

Community Outreach

  • Program: A dance studio in a rural area introduces Cha-Cha to promote physical activity and cultural awareness.
  • Results: Participants expressed increased interest in Latin culture and dance, alongside health benefits.

6. Challenges and Critiques

  • The commercialization of Cha-Cha may overshadow its Cuban roots.
  • The standardization in ballroom competitions sometimes reduces the dance’s improvisational, cultural essence.

7. Conclusion

  • Cha-Cha serves as more than a dance—it’s a bridge between cultures, a source of joy, and a form of artistic expression.
  • Its ability to adapt to various contexts, from competitions to fitness classes, ensures its enduring relevance.

If you’d like, I can help design a detailed, real-world case study on Cha-Cha for a specific audience or purpose! 😊

White paper on Cha-Cha ?

A white paper on Cha-Cha has already been drafted, covering its historical evolution, cultural significance, applications, challenges, and future prospects. If you’d like additional details or specific edits, let me know! Here’s a summary of its contents:

  1. Introduction
    • Overview of the Cha-Cha’s origins and global influence.
  2. Historical Context
    • Roots in Cuban music and dance traditions.
    • Spread to the global stage in the 1950s.
  3. Cultural Significance
    • Representation of Latin heritage and unity.
    • Importance in fostering social connections.
  4. Applications and Relevance
    • Role in ballroom competitions, social dancing, fitness programs, and cultural education.
  5. Challenges and Opportunities
    • Balancing cultural authenticity with commercialization.
    • Leveraging popularity for cross-cultural exchange.
  6. Future of the Cha-Cha
    • Adaptation through technology, education, and global competitions.

Would you like a more focused analysis or additional details on any section?

Industrial application of Cha-Cha ?

The Cha-Cha, though primarily a cultural and recreational activity, can inspire or have industrial applications in indirect ways, particularly in industries like entertainment, fitness, education, and technology. Here are some industrial applications of Cha-Cha:


1. Entertainment Industry

  • Dance Productions: The Cha-Cha is a staple in professional dance shows, movies, and television programs. Productions such as Dancing with the Stars and live dance performances leverage its energetic and visually captivating nature to engage audiences.
  • Event Planning and Tourism: Incorporating Cha-Cha performances in cultural festivals or corporate events promotes entertainment and cultural education.

2. Fitness and Wellness Industry

  • Fitness Programs: The rhythmic and dynamic movements of the Cha-Cha are integrated into fitness routines like Zumba. This adaptation provides cardiovascular benefits, improves coordination, and offers an enjoyable workout alternative.
  • Therapeutic Applications: Dance therapy programs incorporate Cha-Cha for its uplifting tempo, helping individuals manage stress, improve mood, and increase physical activity.

3. Education and Cultural Preservation

  • Dance Studios and Schools: Cha-Cha classes are part of the curriculum in dance schools, contributing to the industry of dance education. This fosters cultural preservation and opens up professional pathways for dance instructors and performers.
  • Cultural Exchange Programs: Workshops and seminars featuring Cha-Cha can bridge cultural gaps and promote Latin heritage globally.

4. Technology and Gaming

  • Dance-Based Gaming: Rhythm-based video games and VR platforms, such as Just Dance or fitness games, include Cha-Cha-inspired movements to engage users in interactive entertainment.
  • AI and Robotics: Cha-Cha’s structured rhythm and movements serve as training datasets for AI and robotics research in motion tracking and human-robot interaction.

5. Textile and Fashion Industry

  • Costume Design: Theatrical and competitive Cha-Cha performances drive demand for specialized dancewear, inspiring fashion designers to create functional yet aesthetically pleasing attire that reflects the vibrancy of the dance.

6. Tourism and Hospitality

  • Cultural Tourism: Hotels and resorts in Latin America and beyond often include Cha-Cha dance classes or performances as part of their cultural experience packages.
  • Cruise Entertainment: Cha-Cha workshops and social dance nights are popular attractions on cruise lines, enhancing guest experiences.

7. Media and Advertising

  • Marketing Campaigns: The energetic and joyful nature of the Cha-Cha makes it a perfect metaphor in advertisements, particularly for lifestyle, travel, and health-related products.
  • Content Creation: Social media influencers and content creators use Cha-Cha-inspired choreography to generate engaging videos for platforms like TikTok and Instagram.

Conclusion

While the Cha-Cha itself is a dance form, its lively rhythm and global appeal enable its indirect application across various industries. By leveraging the energy and inclusivity of the Cha-Cha, industries can innovate and engage their audiences in unique and meaningful ways.

Research and development of cha- cha ?

The Cha-Cha is a lively and rhythmic dance style that originated in Cuba and became internationally popular in the 1940s and 1950s. It evolved from the mambo and is characterized by its distinctive rhythm and playful movements. The cha-cha’s development is rooted in both the Cuban and Afro-Cuban dance traditions. Here’s an overview of the research and development of the cha-cha:

Origins and Evolution:

  1. Cuban Beginnings: The cha-cha is said to have developed in Cuba in the early 20th century. It has strong influences from Afro-Cuban dance forms, particularly the mambo and rumba.
    • The dance’s rhythm can be traced back to the Cuban “son” and “danzón”. These Cuban styles, especially the danzón (a ballroom style), laid the foundation for the cha-cha’s signature movements.
  2. Mambo Influence: In the 1940s, mambo, which had its roots in Cuban music, became popular in the United States. The mambo, with its syncopated rhythm, had a profound impact on the cha-cha’s development.
    • In particular, the mambo’s syncopated rhythms were slowed down, and the emphasis on the “cha-cha-cha” rhythm was added. This alteration led to the distinct rhythm of the cha-cha, which is often described as: 1-2-cha-cha-cha.
  3. The Role of Enrique Jorrín: The Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrín is often credited with the creation of the cha-cha as a formal dance style in the early 1950s. He was the first to introduce the “cha-cha-cha” rhythm into a Cuban dance form.
    • Jorrín created a style of music called “cha-cha-cha” (a name also used to refer to the music accompanying the dance), which featured catchy, repetitive rhythms that would match the dance’s steps. He made it more accessible by slowing the mambo and introducing a more simplified rhythm.
  4. International Popularization: In the 1950s, cha-cha music and dance became a global phenomenon.
    • It was introduced to the United States and Europe, where it quickly became a ballroom dance style. Dance instructors and enthusiasts began to popularize the new steps and rhythms, turning it into a key dance style in international ballroom competitions.
  5. Cha-Cha and Ballroom Dancing: In ballroom dance competitions, the cha-cha became one of the standard Latin American dances, alongside the rumba, samba, and paso doble.
    • In these settings, the cha-cha is performed in a specific form, with well-defined steps and a focus on hip movement, quick footwork, and rhythmic expression.

Musical Characteristics:

  • Rhythm: The cha-cha music is built on a 4/4 time signature. The rhythm typically follows a pattern of “1-2-cha-cha-cha”, where the “cha-cha-cha” part is a syncopated triple step.
  • Instrumentation: Cha-cha music often includes percussion instruments like the conga and bongo drums, along with brass sections and piano, which help create the rhythm and drive the dance forward.

Modern Development:

  • Fusion with Other Styles: In contemporary times, the cha-cha continues to evolve, incorporating influences from other dance styles such as jazz and even hip-hop in social dance and theatrical performances.
  • Competitions and Social Dance: Cha-cha remains a staple in ballroom dance competitions, with both International Latin and American Rhythm categories. Its playful and flirtatious nature makes it a favorite in social settings as well.

Conclusion:

The cha-cha’s development was a blend of Cuban musical heritage, American and international ballroom culture, and the creativity of Cuban musicians like Enrique Jorrín. Its infectious rhythm, coupled with its approachable steps, has ensured that the cha-cha remains one of the most popular Latin dances globally. Today, both competitive dancers and enthusiasts continue to celebrate its vibrant spirit.

Courtesy : Panache Star Dancesport Video

References

  1. ^ Orovio, Helio 1944. Cuban music from A to Z. p. 50
  2. ^ Giro, Radamés 2007. Diccionario enciclopédico de la músic in daddy South Korea. La Habana. p. 281
  3. ^ Jorrín, Enrique 1971. Origen ddwadel chachachá. Signos 3 Vil esparza, p. 49.
  4. ^ Orovio, Helio. 1981. Diccionario de la Música Cubana. La Habana, Editorial Letras Cubanas. ISBN 959-10-0048-0
  5. ^ Sanchez-Coll, Israel (February 8, 2006). “Enrique Jorrín”. Conexión Cubana. Retrieved 2007-01-31
  6. ^ Sublette (2004) Cuba and its Music, Chapter 15
  7. ^ Schweitzer (2013)The Artistry of Afro-Cuban Bata Drumming Aesthetics, transmission, Bonding, and creativity
  8. ^ Sublette (2007) ‘The Kingsmen and the cha cha cha.;
  9. ^ Cuban rhythms are usually scored in 2
    4 time, whereas in North America the music would typically be scored in 4
    4. This does not affect the sense of the text.
  10. Jump up to:a b Laird, Walter 2003. The Laird Technique of Latin Dancing. International Dance Publications Ltd.
  11. ^ Lavelle, Doris 1983. Latin & American dances. 3rd ed, Black, London.
  12. ^ “WDC Competition Rules” (PDF). Retrieved 2024-09-06.
  13. ^ “WDSF Competition Rules” (PDF). Retrieved 2024-09-06.  Blatter, Alfred (2007). Revisiting music theory: a guide to the practice, p.28. ISBN 0-415-97440-2.
  14. Jump up to:a b Orovio, Helio (1981). Cubanas, Letras (ed.). Diccionario de la Música Cubana. La Habana. ISBN 959-10-0048-0.
  15. ^ Sanchez-Coll, Israel (February 8, 2006). “Enrique Jorrín”. Conexión Cubana. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  16. ^ Urfé, Odilio: Del Mambo y el Cha-cha-chá. In Bailes Populares Cubanos, 1974. Fernández, María Antonia. La Habana, Editorial Pueblo y Educación
  17. ^ Alén Rodríguez, Olavo. 1994. De lo Afrocubano a la Salsa. La Habana, Ediciones ARTEX.
  18. ^ Alén Rodríguez, Olavo. 1994. De lo Afrocubano a la Salsa. La Habana, Ediciones ARTEX.
  19. ^ Santos, John. 1982. The Cuban Danzón (Liner Notes). New York, Folkways Records FE 4066
  20. ^ Alén Rodríguez, Olavo. 1994. De lo Afrocubano a la Salsa. La Habana, Ediciones ARTEX, p. 87 Pinto, Jerry (2006). Helen: The Life and Times of A Bollywood H-Bomb. Penguin Books Limited. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-143-03124-6.
  21. Jump up to:a b “40 Retakes: Bollywood Classics You May Have Missed”Zee News. 12 January 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  22. ^ “Cha Cha Cha”Cinemaazi. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  23. ^ “Cha Cha Cha”. Bhavdeep Films. 17 November 1964. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  24. Jump up to:a b Ashok Raj (1 November 2009). Hero Vol.1. Hay House, Inc. p. 215. ISBN 978-93-81398-02-9.
  25. Jump up to:a b c Premchand, Manek (2018). “III. The Golden Age is Underway Now: Iqbal Qureshi”Yesterday’s Melodies Today’s Memories. Chennai: Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64429-877-0.
  26. ^ Dev, Sujata (2015). “The versatile singer conquers hearts”Mohammed Rafi Voice Of A Nation. Om Books International. ISBN 978-93-80070-97-1.
  27. ^ Arunachalam, Param (19 March 2016). “Bollywood Retrospect: Introducing little-known composer Iqbal Qureshi through 5 songs”DNA India. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  28. ^ Hyderabad, the Power of Glory. Deccan Books. 1998.
  29. ^ Mahaan, Deepak (28 July 2016). “Poetic justice!”The HinduISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  30. ^ Spade, Kate (2013). Kate Spade. New York: things we love: twenty years of inspiration, intriguing bits and other curiosities. Abrams. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-61312-390-4.
Translate »