Amir Khusro, Rumi -

Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

Amir Khusro and Rumi are two famous figures in Persian literature and Sufism, with significant contributions to poetry and mysticism.

Amir Khusro (1253–1325)

Background: Amir Khusro, often referred to as “Tuti-e-Hind” (The Parrot of India), was a famous Indian poet, scholar, and musician of Persian and Turkish descent. Born in present-day India, Khusro was closely associated with the Delhi Sultanate, and his patron was Sultan Alauddin Khilji. He is considered one of the greatest figures in the cultural history of India.
Contribution:
- He is renowned for his poetic works in Persian, Urdu, and Khari Boli (a dialect of Hindi), and is often credited with pioneering the development of the Ghazal in the subcontinent.
- He also made significant contributions to the development of Indian classical music, and is credited with the invention of musical instruments like the sitar and tabla.
- Khusro’s poetry blends Persian, Turkish, Arabic, and Indian influences and explores themes of love, spirituality, and longing.
- He was a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya, a famous Sufi saint, and his works reflect Sufi mysticism.
- Famous works include “Tughlaqnama,” “Divan-e-Khusro,” and “Masnavi Khusro wa Shirin.”

Rumi (1207–1273)

Background: Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi was a Persian poet, Islamic scholar, and Sufi mystic born in present-day Afghanistan, during the time of the Mongol invasions. His works are widely read in many parts of the world, and he is one of the most translated poets.
Contribution:
- Rumi’s poetry revolves around themes of love, divine unity, spiritual transformation, and the nature of the universe. His mystical poetry often draws from Sufi teachings, focusing on the inner journey toward God.
- His most famous work is the “Masnavi” (also known as “Mathnawi” or “Spiritual Couplets”), which is a six-book epic of poems, covering topics such as the nature of the self, the meaning of love, and the path to spiritual enlightenment.
- Rumi’s influence transcended the boundaries of Islamic mysticism, and his ideas have influenced not only Sufism but also Western philosophy and psychology.
- The Whirling Dervishes, a group of Sufi mystics known for their spinning dance, were inspired by Rumi’s teachings.

Similarities between Khusro and Rumi:

Both were deeply influenced by Sufi mysticism and used poetry to explore spiritual and divine themes.
They both wrote in Persian, though Khusro also contributed to the development of Urdu.
Their works focus on themes of love, devotion, and the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment.

While Amir Khusro’s work was more grounded in the cultural context of India, Rumi’s work had a broader influence across the Persian-speaking world and beyond. Despite their different cultural and historical contexts, both figures remain iconic in the realm of Sufi mysticism and poetic expression.

What is Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

Amir Khusro and Rumi are two iconic figures in Sufism and Persian literature, renowned for their spiritual and poetic contributions. Both have had a profound influence on the cultural and intellectual history of the world, especially in the areas of poetry, philosophy, and mysticism.

Amir Khusro (1253–1325)

Full Name: Abu’l-Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusro
Origin: Amir Khusro was born in 1253 in what is now Uttar Pradesh, India, to a family of Turkish descent. He was part of the Delhi Sultanate during the reign of Sultan Alauddin Khilji.
Notable Works:
- Khusro was a multi-talented individual who made major contributions to Persian poetry, music, and Indian literature.
- He is often referred to as the “father of Urdu literature” because of his pivotal role in the development of the language, blending Persian and Indian vernaculars. He is also credited with shaping the ghazal (a form of poetry) in South Asia.
- Some of his famous works include “Divan-e-Khusro,” “Tughlaqnama,” and “Masnavi Khusro wa Shirin”.
- He was a prominent Sufi mystic and a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya, a famous Sufi saint. His poetry reflects his spiritual devotion, love for the divine, and Sufi ideals.
- Khusro also contributed to the development of classical Indian music, and he is credited with the invention of the sitar and the tabla.

Rumi (1207–1273)

Full Name: Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi
Origin: Rumi was born in 1207 in Balkh, which is now part of Afghanistan. He later moved to Konya (in present-day Turkey), where he spent most of his life.
Notable Works:
- Rumi is one of the most famous and widely-read poets of the Persian-speaking world. His work has been translated into numerous languages and has influenced spiritual thought across the globe.
- His most famous work is the “Masnavi” (also called the “Mathnawi” or “Spiritual Couplets”), a six-book epic of poetry that explores topics such as love, divine unity, the nature of the soul, and the path of spiritual enlightenment.
- His poetry reflects his deep connection to Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam, and often speaks about the search for union with the Divine. Rumi’s teachings emphasize the importance of love, devotion, and inner transformation.
- Rumi’s philosophy and poetry have influenced not just Sufism, but also Western thought and psychology. He is considered a timeless figure in both Eastern and Western literature.

Differences and Similarities:

Cultural Context:
- Khusro was deeply rooted in the Indian subcontinent, blending Persian culture with Indian traditions, and is often seen as a bridge between the two cultures.
- Rumi was primarily connected to the Persian world and his influence spread across Central Asia, the Middle East, and beyond.
Themes:
- Both poets explored themes of love, spirituality, and longing, and their works express the mystical longing for union with the Divine.
- Khusro’s poetry also often celebrated the unity of different cultures and religious practices, reflecting the pluralistic society in which he lived.
- Rumi’s poetry, while focused on divine love and mystical experience, is more philosophical and universal in its appeal.
Legacy:
- Amir Khusro is regarded as one of the founding figures of Urdu literature and made important contributions to music, poetry, and Sufism in India.
- Rumi is regarded as one of the most influential spiritual poets in history, with his works being studied and cherished across cultures, particularly within Sufism.

In summary, Amir Khusro and Rumi were both exceptional poets and spiritual guides who used their poetic genius to express mystical ideas, and they remain central figures in the history of Persian and Sufi literature.

Who is required Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

The figures Amir Khusro and Rumi are revered by different groups of people, and their teachings are particularly relevant to those interested in Sufism, Persian poetry, and spirituality. Here are the primary audiences or groups who are particularly influenced or benefit from their work:

1. Followers of Sufism

Both Amir Khusro and Rumi were prominent figures within the Sufi tradition. Their poetry and teachings are foundational to Sufi mysticism, and they are particularly important for:

Sufi practitioners: People practicing Sufism, the mystical branch of Islam, study their works for spiritual guidance. Their poetry reflects deep mystical thought, the quest for divine love, and spiritual enlightenment.
Sufi orders: Rumi, in particular, is revered in the Mevlevi Order (Whirling Dervishes), which was founded by his followers. Khusro, being a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya, is influential in Sufi circles in India, particularly in the Chishti Order.

2. Poetry Enthusiasts and Literary Scholars

Persian poetry enthusiasts: Both Khusro and Rumi are celebrated for their contributions to Persian literature. They are studied by people interested in Persian poetry, its evolution, and its themes of love, spirituality, and mysticism.
Urdu language scholars: Amir Khusro is considered the founder of Urdu literature and is a key figure for those studying the development of the Urdu language and its poetic forms, particularly the ghazal.
Literary scholars: Those interested in world literature often explore the works of both poets for their philosophical, spiritual, and artistic qualities.

3. People Seeking Spiritual Enlightenment

Spiritual seekers: Individuals interested in exploring the deeper, mystical side of life find resonance in the teachings of both poets. Their works provide paths to spiritual growth and the search for meaning beyond the material world.
Meditators: Since Rumi’s and Khusro’s poetry often emphasizes union with the Divine and inner transformation, their works are often read during meditation and reflection practices, especially in the context of love for God and self-discovery.
Mindfulness practitioners: The deep introspection found in both Rumi’s and Khusro’s works aligns with many contemporary mindfulness practices.

4. Musicians and Artists

Indian classical musicians: Amir Khusro’s contributions to music, such as his invention of the sitar and tabla, make him significant to musicians, especially those in the Indian classical tradition. His work continues to inspire musicians and is studied in relation to the cultural integration of music.
Dancers and performers: Rumi’s influence extends to those who practice the Whirling Dervishes dance or any form of spiritual or sacred dance, inspired by Rumi’s teachings on divine love and union.

5. People Interested in Interfaith Understanding

Cultural bridges: Both poets transcended cultural and religious boundaries. Amir Khusro, through his blending of Persian, Turkish, Arabic, and Indian traditions, is a symbol of cultural fusion. His works promote unity between different cultures and religions, making him relevant for those interested in interfaith dialogue and cultural harmony.
Followers of different religious traditions: Although primarily Islamic figures, both poets’ messages of love, humanity, and connection to the Divine resonate with people of various religious and philosophical backgrounds, including Hindus, Christians, and others interested in spiritual wisdom beyond the confines of one religion.

When is required Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

Amir Khusro and Rumi are figures whose works are timeless and relevant in various contexts, but there are certain occasions or periods when their teachings, poetry, and philosophies are especially significant. Here are some instances when their works are particularly sought after or “required”:

1. Spiritual or Mystical Seeking

Spiritual quests: People on a journey of self-discovery and spiritual enlightenment often turn to the poetry of Rumi and Khusro. Their works provide profound insight into the nature of love, divine connection, and inner transformation, making them essential reading during times of spiritual seeking or reflection.
When in search of inner peace: Both poets’ teachings can offer solace and inspiration, particularly in difficult or uncertain times when one seeks comfort in spiritual or mystical thoughts.

2. During Religious or Sufi Celebrations

Sufi festivals: Rumi and Amir Khusro are often celebrated during Sufi festivals or events focused on Islamic mysticism. For example, Rumi’s death anniversary (known as Shams Tabriz Day) on December 17th is a major event for Whirling Dervishes and Sufi practitioners, marked by spiritual gatherings and recitations of his poetry.
Urs celebrations: In Sufism, the Urs (the death anniversary of a saint) is celebrated as a union with the Divine. For example, the Urs of Nizamuddin Auliya in Delhi is often accompanied by recitations of Khusro’s poetry, as he was a devoted disciple of Nizamuddin. During these times, Khusro’s works are recited in remembrance and homage.

3. In Moments of Crisis or Personal Transformation

Periods of loss or grief: When people are dealing with personal loss or emotional turmoil, they often turn to the works of Rumi and Khusro. Rumi’s themes of divine love and unity with the Divine can offer comfort, while Khusro’s spiritual poetry helps in overcoming sorrow and finding solace in divine connection.
When seeking motivation or inspiration: Both poets emphasize the power of inner strength, resilience, and love. Their poetry can be especially meaningful during challenging personal or professional situations.

4. In Artistic or Creative Endeavors

For poets and writers: Aspiring poets, especially those in the realms of Sufi poetry, ghazals, or spiritual literature, look to Khusro and Rumi for inspiration. Their works are often studied when individuals are creating new works of poetry, exploring themes of divine love, mysticism, or spiritual journeys.
For musicians: Khusro’s contributions to Indian classical music and his fusion of Persian and Indian styles are significant for musicians, especially during times when they wish to explore the deeper emotional and spiritual meanings of music. Many Indian classical musicians and those in the Qawwali tradition incorporate Khusro’s songs into their repertoire.

5. In Educational and Cultural Contexts

Teaching literature and philosophy: In academic settings, particularly in the fields of Persian literature, Sufi philosophy, and world literature, Khusro and Rumi’s works are taught as essential texts. Their ideas on love, the soul, and the relationship between the self and the Divine are often discussed during lessons on mysticism, poetry, and philosophy.
Cultural understanding: Both poets are key figures when exploring the intersection of Indian and Persian cultures, especially in understanding the blending of Islamic mysticism with local Indian traditions. Their works are read and appreciated during cross-cultural studies or when studying historical figures who shaped both Persian and South Asian intellectual traditions.

6. During the Practice of Meditation and Mindfulness

In meditation practices: Rumi’s poetry, especially, has been adopted by many meditation and mindfulness practitioners. His poems on love, self-discovery, and the nature of the soul are often recited during meditative practices aimed at connecting with the Divine or one’s higher self.
In the Sufi Whirling Dervish practice: The practice of whirling (performed by followers of Rumi’s teachings) is often accompanied by recitations of his poetry, creating a deeply spiritual atmosphere that encourages a mystical union with God. Khusro’s works, too, are sometimes used in such practices in Sufi communities.

COURTESY : Laksh maheshwari

Where is required Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

The works of Amir Khusro and Rumi are required or significant in various geographical locations, cultural contexts, and spiritual environments. Here’s a breakdown of where their influence and teachings are most prominent:

1. Sufi Shrines and Spiritual Centers

In Sufi shrines: Rumi and Amir Khusro’s poetry is often recited in Sufi shrines around the world. Key places include:
- Mevlana Rumi’s Mausoleum (Konya, Turkey): This is one of the most significant sites dedicated to Rumi. Every year, thousands of visitors come to Konya, especially during the Shebi Arus (Rumi’s death anniversary), to celebrate his teachings through poetry recitals, dance (whirling), and prayers.
- Nizamuddin Dargah (Delhi, India): As a devoted disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya, Amir Khusro’s works are widely recited and sung at this shrine in Delhi, especially during the Urs of Nizamuddin Auliya. Khusro’s poetry plays a central role in the rituals, qawwali performances, and spiritual gatherings here.

2. Regions with a Strong Sufi Tradition

Turkey: As the birthplace of Rumi, Turkey is deeply connected to his works, particularly in Konya where the Mevlevi Order (Whirling Dervishes) holds a special place. His teachings also influence modern Turkish society, and his works are widely read and celebrated.
India and Pakistan: Amir Khusro is particularly revered in South Asia, especially in India and Pakistan, where his contributions to Urdu literature, Qawwali, and Indian classical music are central. His influence is prominent in cities like Delhi, Agra, Lahore, and Lucknow. Khusro’s poetry is integral to the spiritual traditions in these regions, particularly within the Chishti Sufi Order.
Iran and Afghanistan: Both countries, historically influenced by Persian culture, have long held the works of Rumi in high regard. Iran, especially, celebrates Rumi’s poetry, philosophy, and mysticism. His influence is also prominent in Afghanistan, Rumi’s homeland.
Central Asia: In the region of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, Rumi’s influence is deeply rooted in the Persian cultural sphere. His works are celebrated in the context of the broader Persian poetic tradition, and his spiritual message has been adopted across Central Asian cultures.

3. Islamic and Sufi Educational Institutions

In Sufi seminaries and madrassas: In countries with a strong Sufi tradition, such as Pakistan, India, Turkey, and parts of North Africa, Rumi’s and Khusro’s teachings are incorporated into Sufi educational curricula. These institutions teach not only about Islamic law but also about the mysticism and spiritual poetry of Sufi masters.
Sufi universities: Academic institutions dedicated to Islamic studies and Sufism also promote the works of both poets. These are found in countries like Pakistan (e.g., Lahore University of Management Sciences), Turkey, and Iran.

4. Cultural and Literary Events

Poetry festivals: Rumi and Khusro are celebrated during poetry festivals and cultural events dedicated to Persian and Urdu poetry. These events are common in cities like Tehran, Istanbul, New Delhi, and Lahore, where their works are recited and discussed.
- Rumi Poetry Festival (Istanbul, Turkey): This festival celebrates Rumi’s legacy with poetry readings, musical performances, and Sufi dance.
- Amir Khusro Celebrations: Festivals and events in India, especially in Delhi, Agra, and Lahore, celebrate Amir Khusro’s contribution to music, poetry, and the cultural synthesis between Persian and Indian traditions.

5. Global Communities of Mysticism and Philosophy

In global Sufi communities: Around the world, Sufi orders in countries like Egypt, Morocco, Indonesia, and Tunisia integrate Rumi’s and Khusro’s spiritual insights into their teachings. Their works are often read in spiritual retreats and gatherings across the globe.
In spiritual circles worldwide: Both Rumi and Amir Khusro have transcended cultural boundaries and have gained global followers. Spiritual seekers from all walks of life, especially those in the West, seek their writings in places like New York, London, Paris, and Berlin, where Sufi spiritual practices and poetry have a growing following.

6. Museums and Cultural Heritage Centers

In museums dedicated to Persian and Islamic culture: Museums such as the Rumi Museum in Konya and other cultural centers dedicated to Islamic art and history frequently feature exhibits related to Rumi and Amir Khusro, showcasing their manuscripts, poetry, and contributions to literature and mysticism.
In cultural heritage centers in South Asia: Museums in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh preserve the works of Amir Khusro, including his writings in Persian, Arabic, and early Urdu, and his influence on Qawwali music.

7. In the Modern Digital Age

Online platforms and social media: Rumi’s and Khusro’s works are widely accessible on platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok, where individuals share their poetry, teachings, and the spiritual messages of love and unity with global audiences. Online courses on Sufism and Persian poetry often incorporate their works.
Books and translations: Their poetry is extensively published and translated, making their teachings accessible globally. Books, audiobooks, and translations of their works are required in libraries, bookshops, and homes worldwide.

8. In Educational Settings

University departments of Middle Eastern and South Asian studies: Scholars of Islamic mysticism, Persian literature, Urdu literature, and Sufism often require the works of Rumi and Khusro. These departments exist in universities across the world, such as Harvard University, Oxford University, and University of Delhi.
Philosophy and Comparative Religion courses: Rumi’s philosophical and theological views are explored in courses on comparative religion, philosophy, and spirituality, especially in Western institutions with a focus on Islamic philosophy and mysticism.

Conclusion

In short, Amir Khusro and Rumi are required and celebrated across the globe in regions with rich Sufi traditions, educational institutions, cultural festivals, spiritual circles, and literary environments. Their teachings transcend borders, offering wisdom and insights into love, unity, and spiritual growth.

How is required Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

The works of Amir Khusro and Rumi are required in various ways, particularly for their profound contributions to literature, music, philosophy, and spiritual traditions. Here’s a breakdown of how their influence is required:

1. Spiritual Guidance and Mysticism

In Sufi Mysticism: Both poets are revered in Sufi traditions for their mystical insights, which explore the relationship between the human soul and the divine. Their works are integral to understanding Sufism and mystical practices. Rumi‘s teachings on love, unity, and the divine path are essential for spiritual seekers, and Amir Khusro‘s poetry complements this by blending Islamic mysticism with Indian cultural elements.
Meditation and Reflection: Rumi’s verses, like “The wound is the place where the Light enters you”, are used in meditation and mindfulness practices to inspire personal reflection, healing, and self-awareness. Khusro’s songs of devotion to Nizamuddin Auliya are performed in qawwali sessions to connect with the divine.

2. Cultural and Literary Influence

Literature: Both Rumi and Amir Khusro shaped Persian and Urdu literature. Rumi’s Divan-e-Shams (The Collected Poems of Shams) and Khusro’s ghazals and qawwali compositions influenced poets across the Middle East, South Asia, and beyond. Their poetic forms are required by those studying classical poetry and language studies, especially in Persian and Urdu.
Blending Cultures: Khusro is often regarded as a cultural bridge between Persian and Indian traditions, merging Persian language with Indian musical forms. His work embodies the fusion of Islamic and Hindu cultures, particularly through his compositions in Qawwali. His fusion of music and poetry remains an essential aspect of Indian classical music.
Philosophical Thought: Rumi’s philosophy of love and wholeness transcends religious boundaries and is often required in courses on comparative religion, Islamic philosophy, and Eastern thought. His influence extends far beyond Sufism, touching upon universal themes of humanity, spirituality, and enlightenment.

3. Musical and Performative Traditions

Qawwali: Amir Khusro is credited with innovating and popularizing qawwali music, a devotional form used to express love for the divine. His contributions to Indian classical music and the development of ragas are vital for musicians and performers. Qawwali singers and musicians require Khusro’s compositions for their performances, especially during Sufi rituals, spiritual gatherings, and concerts.
Whirling Dervishes and Dance: Rumi’s teachings have inspired the Mevlevi Order (Whirling Dervishes) in Turkey, whose whirling dance is a form of meditative prayer and is often accompanied by the recitation of Rumi’s poetry. This tradition is required in spiritual and cultural contexts focused on movement and meditation.

4. Interfaith Dialogue

Promoting Unity: Rumi’s philosophy encourages interfaith dialogue by emphasizing universal themes like love and compassion. His works are required in contexts that seek to bridge the gap between different religious and cultural traditions. His words are studied and applied in global peace initiatives to foster understanding and unity.
Cultural Reconciliation: Amir Khusro’s synthesis of Islamic and Hindu elements helps promote interfaith harmony and is widely discussed in dialogues about cultural reconciliation. His works are required to understand how different religious practices can blend together while maintaining individual cultural identities.

5. Educational and Scholarly Importance

In Academia: Scholars and students studying Sufism, Persian literature, and Urdu poetry find the works of Rumi and Khusro required reading. Their poetry is essential for those studying the history of Islamic mysticism, Middle Eastern and South Asian literature, and comparative literature.
Cultural Studies: Their poetry and music are required in cultural studies courses that explore the intersection of politics, religion, and art in the Islamic world and South Asia. Khusro’s writings help students understand the cultural syncretism that occurred in medieval India, while Rumi’s philosophy influences studies in spirituality and philosophical thought.

6. Global and Modern-Day Relevance

Modern Spirituality: Both poets’ works are frequently quoted in modern spiritual movements, including yoga, mindfulness, and self-help. Their timeless insights into love, self-awareness, and the human condition make their works essential for contemporary spiritual seekers around the world.
Therapeutic Practices: Rumi’s and Khusro’s poetry is also required in therapy and counseling for individuals seeking healing through poetic expression. Their works are often used in art therapy, where poetry helps individuals process emotions, find meaning, and navigate life challenges.

Conclusion

Amir Khusro and Rumi are required in diverse contexts—spiritual, artistic, cultural, educational, and social. Their poetry, philosophy, and music continue to inspire individuals and communities across the globe, contributing to the understanding of love, spirituality, and humanity. Whether in the context of Sufi practices, literary studies, or modern-day spiritual movements, their teachings offer a timeless blueprint for inner transformation and cultural unity.

Case study is Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

Case Study: Amir Khusro and Rumi – Cultural and Spiritual Pioneers

Introduction

Amir Khusro and Rumi are two of the most influential figures in the history of Islamic mysticism, literature, and music. Their contributions transcend regional, linguistic, and religious boundaries, leaving an indelible impact on the cultural fabric of South Asia, the Middle East, and beyond. This case study explores the lives, works, and enduring legacy of these two Sufi masters, examining how their poetry, philosophy, and artistic innovations continue to influence spiritual and cultural movements globally.

Objective

The purpose of this case study is to examine the key themes in the lives and works of Amir Khusro and Rumi, focusing on:

Their influence on Sufism and Islamic mysticism.
The impact of their literary and musical contributions.
The lasting cultural and spiritual significance of their work.
Their role in promoting interfaith dialogue, cultural fusion, and unity.

1. Amir Khusro (1253–1325)

Background

Amir Khusro, a prolific poet, scholar, and musician, was born in Delhi (India) to a Turkish father and an Indian mother. He was a court poet at the Delhi Sultanate and an ardent follower of the Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya. His life and works bridged the cultures of India and Persia, and he became one of the key figures in South Asian Sufi mysticism.

Key Contributions

Literature: Amir Khusro is regarded as the “father” of Urdu literature and contributed immensely to Persian and Hindi literature. His poetry reflects themes of divine love, mysticism, and spiritual longing. His works, particularly his ghazals, rubaiyat, and qasidas, are still widely read and revered.
Music: Khusro was a pioneer of classical music in India, credited with the invention of the sitar and the development of khayal and qawwali. He fused Persian, Arabic, and Indian musical traditions, creating a unique form of devotional music that became central to Sufi practice. His music is still performed in Sufi shrines across the subcontinent.
Cultural Fusion: Khusro is celebrated for blending Persian and Indian cultural elements, especially in his poetry and music. His work exemplifies syncretism, reflecting the coexistence of Hindu and Muslim traditions in the medieval Indian subcontinent. He is often described as a cultural ambassador who helped shape the composite culture of India.

Impact

Sufi Mysticism: Khusro’s devotion to Sufism and his connection to Nizamuddin Auliya positioned him as a central figure in Sufi practice. His works, particularly his qawwali compositions, continue to be performed in Sufi gatherings around the world, inspiring spiritual seekers.
Musical Legacy: Khusro’s fusion of Persian and Indian musical traditions became the foundation of Indian classical music, influencing the development of classical ragas and qawwali music.
Literary Legacy: His writings contributed to the development of Urdu poetry and Persian literature, influencing generations of poets and writers.

2. Rumi (1207–1273)

Background

Jalal al-Din Rumi, known simply as Rumi, was born in Balkh (modern-day Afghanistan) and later moved to Konya (modern-day Turkey). He was a Sufi mystic, poet, and theologian, whose teachings and poetry emphasize the themes of divine love, unity, and spiritual enlightenment. Rumi is considered one of the greatest poets in world literature and is revered across the globe for his universal message of love.

Key Contributions

Poetry: Rumi’s most famous works include the Divan-e-Shams (The Collected Poems of Shams) and the Masnavi. His poetry, written primarily in Persian, speaks of the profound connection between the soul and the divine, using metaphors of love, whirling, and spiritual journey to illustrate the path to enlightenment.
Philosophy: Rumi’s philosophy of love is central to his teachings. He believed that love transcends religious and cultural barriers, making his teachings relevant to people of all faiths. His emphasis on selflessness, compassion, and the pursuit of divine truth has had a lasting impact on Sufi thought and practice.
Whirling Dervishes: Rumi’s teachings gave rise to the Mevlevi Order of Sufis, also known as the Whirling Dervishes, who practice the symbolic act of whirling as a form of meditative prayer. This tradition continues today in Turkey and worldwide.

Impact

Sufi Mysticism: Rumi’s works are foundational in the Sufi tradition, and his emphasis on the transformative power of love and spiritual unity continues to guide Sufi practitioners. His poetry is used in Sufi rituals, spiritual gatherings, and meditative practices to achieve a closer connection with the divine.
Global Influence: Rumi’s poetry has transcended the boundaries of Islam, being embraced by people of all backgrounds. His works are frequently quoted in spiritual and philosophical contexts and have become part of the world literary canon.
Interfaith Dialogue: Rumi’s teachings have made him a key figure in interfaith dialogue, as his message of love and compassion resonates with people of various religious traditions, fostering a sense of unity and mutual respect.

Comparative Analysis

Aspect	Amir Khusro	Rumi
Cultural Context	South Asia (India), blending Persian and Indian traditions	Anatolia (Turkey), focusing on Persian Sufism and Islamic mysticism
Religious Focus	Sufism, devotion to Nizamuddin Auliya	Sufism, spiritual teachings of divine love
Key Contributions	Poetry, qawwali, Indian classical music	Poetry, philosophy, whirling dervishes
Legacy	Fusion of cultures, development of Urdu literature, qawwali music	Universal spirituality, interfaith unity, world poetry
Global Influence	Strong in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh; influential in Islamic music	Global influence in spirituality, literature, and interfaith dialogue

Conclusion

Both Amir Khusro and Rumi are towering figures in the realms of Sufism, literature, and spirituality. While Khusro’s work was deeply rooted in the cultural and spiritual traditions of South Asia, blending Persian and Indian elements, Rumi’s philosophy of love and unity has transcended religious and cultural boundaries, making him a global figure in spiritual thought.

Their works continue to inspire spiritual seekers, artists, philosophers, and poets worldwide, and their teachings remain relevant for fostering understanding, compassion, and connection in a diverse and often divided world

COURTESY : StudyIQ IAS

White paper on Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

White Paper on Amir Khusro and Rumi: A Cultural and Spiritual Legacy

Executive Summary

This white paper explores the cultural and spiritual legacies of two of the most influential figures in Islamic mysticism and world literature: Amir Khusro and Jalal al-Din Rumi. Both of these towering figures contributed to the development of Sufi thought, literary traditions, and spiritual practices that have shaped Islamic and global intellectual traditions. While Amir Khusro is renowned for his contributions to Urdu literature, classical music, and Sufi mysticism in South Asia, Rumi is celebrated worldwide for his mystical poetry, profound philosophical insights, and spiritual teachings, which transcend cultural and religious boundaries. This white paper delves into their lives, contributions, philosophies, and enduring legacies.

Introduction

The significance of Amir Khusro and Rumi goes beyond their respective lifetimes. Their ideas, poetry, music, and spiritual teachings continue to shape and inspire individuals, communities, and spiritual traditions. Both of these figures contributed to the development of Sufism, interfaith dialogue, and the integration of diverse cultural practices. This white paper examines their shared and individual contributions to literature, philosophy, music, and mysticism.

Section 1: Amir Khusro (1253–1325)

1.1 Biography and Historical Context

Amir Khusro was born in Delhi (India) to a Turkish father and an Indian mother. His upbringing, rich in both Persian and Indian influences, allowed him to become a cultural bridge between the two worlds. He became a close disciple of the famous Sufi mystic Nizamuddin Auliya, under whose guidance he explored the mystical aspects of Islam. Khusro’s genius lay in his ability to weave together the cultural, linguistic, and religious traditions of Persia, India, and Islam, creating a unique blend of art, literature, and spirituality.

1.2 Contributions to Literature

Khusro is often called the “father of Urdu literature,” as he played a foundational role in the development of the Urdu language and its literary forms. His works in Persian, Arabic, and Hindi include ghazals, rubaiyat, qasidas, and masnavis. His poetry is characterized by devotional themes, spiritual longing, and a deep sense of divine love.

Ghazals: Khusro’s ghazals are filled with expressions of longing for the Divine Beloved, a theme central to Sufi mysticism.
Sufi Philosophy: His poetry reflects deep mystical insight, with themes such as union with the Divine, detachment from worldly desires, and spiritual ecstasy.
Languages and Fusion: Khusro’s use of Persian as a literary medium helped elevate the language to a cultural and spiritual language of expression, while his integration of Hindavi and Persian created a literary hybrid that would become known as Urdu.

1.3 Contributions to Music

Amir Khusro’s contributions to Indian classical music are legendary. He is credited with the invention of the sitar, which revolutionized Indian music. Khusro is also known for developing the khayal and qawwali forms, which became central to Sufi devotional music.

Qawwali: Khusro’s qawwali compositions remain some of the most beloved in Sufi tradition. These songs, sung in devotion to the Divine, express a sense of divine union, love, and longing.
Cultural Synthesis: Through his music, Khusro integrated Persian and Indian musical traditions, creating a hybrid sound that resonated with the Sufi community and the broader cultural landscape of South Asia.

1.4 Lasting Impact

Amir Khusro’s influence on Sufism, literature, and music has endured through centuries. His works remain central to the study of South Asian Sufism and Urdu literature, and his musical legacy continues to inspire qawwali singers, musicians, and Sufi practitioners.

Section 2: Rumi (1207–1273)

2.1 Biography and Historical Context

Jalal al-Din Rumi, better known as Rumi, was born in Balkh (modern-day Afghanistan) and later settled in Konya (modern-day Turkey). Rumi was profoundly influenced by his spiritual teacher Shams al-Din Tabrizi, whose arrival led Rumi to an intense period of spiritual awakening. This led to Rumi’s writing of some of the most profound mystical poetry ever produced.

Rumi’s Sufism was centered around the concept of divine love and the transformative power of the soul’s journey towards union with God. His philosophical and poetic works have inspired individuals from diverse religious and cultural backgrounds.

2.2 Contributions to Literature

Rumi’s poetry, written mainly in Persian, consists of several key works, the most famous being the Divan-e-Shams (The Collected Poems of Shams) and the Masnavi.

Masnavi: Often called the “Quran in Persian,” the Masnavi is a series of spiritual poems that offer guidance on how to achieve spiritual awakening, self-realization, and divine love.
Divan-e-Shams: This collection reflects the intense, mystical love between Rumi and his spiritual teacher, Shams Tabrizi, and expresses the idea of love as a path to spiritual transcendence.
Universal Themes: Rumi’s poetry transcends religious boundaries, emphasizing that love, compassion, and spiritual enlightenment are universal values that connect all people.

2.3 Philosophy and Spirituality

Rumi’s teachings emphasize unity, selflessness, and the oneness of all creation. Central to his philosophy is the idea that love is the force that connects the Divine and the human, and that through spiritual love, one can transcend the limitations of the ego and attain unity with God.

Surrender to Divine Love: Rumi teaches that spiritual fulfillment comes from surrendering one’s ego and opening one’s heart to the divine presence.
Whirling Dervishes: One of the most recognizable aspects of Rumi’s teachings is the Whirling Dervishes, a Sufi tradition that symbolizes the spiritual journey toward God. The act of spinning reflects the inner movement of the soul toward the Divine.

2.4 Global Influence

Rumi’s poetry and philosophy have transcended Islamic culture, influencing Christian, Jewish, and Buddhist mystics. His works are studied across religious traditions for their universal message of love, tolerance, and spiritual wisdom.

Interfaith Appeal: Rumi’s teachings promote interfaith dialogue by emphasizing that the essential truths of all religious paths lead to the same Divine reality.
Modern Popularity: In the 20th and 21st centuries, Rumi has become one of the most widely read poets in the world, with translations of his works available in numerous languages.

Section 3: Comparative Analysis of Amir Khusro and Rumi

Aspect	Amir Khusro	Rumi
Cultural Context	South Asia (India), blending Persian and Indian traditions	Anatolia (Turkey), focusing on Persian Sufism and Islamic mysticism
Religious Focus	Sufism, devotion to Nizamuddin Auliya	Sufism, spiritual teachings of divine love
Key Contributions	Poetry, qawwali, Indian classical music	Poetry, philosophy, whirling dervishes
Legacy	Fusion of cultures, development of Urdu literature, qawwali music	Universal spirituality, interfaith unity, world poetry
Global Influence	Strong in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh; influential in Islamic music	Global influence in spirituality, literature, and interfaith dialogue

Conclusion

Amir Khusro and Rumi were not only great spiritual masters but also cultural innovators who bridged the gaps between different worlds—Persian, Indian, and Islamic. Their teachings, poetry, and music transcend time and place, providing wisdom and guidance for generations of seekers. Whether through Khusro’s synthesis of Persian and Indian traditions or Rumi’s universal message of love and unity, both figures offer profound insights into the human soul’s journey toward the Divine.

Today, their legacies remain integral to the Sufi tradition, world literature, and global spirituality, continuing to inspire those seeking meaning, connection, and transcendence. Their work is not just a reflection of their time but a timeless invitation to explore the depths of divine love, spiritual truth, and the beauty of cultural synthesis.

Industrial application of Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

Industrial Applications of Amir Khusro and Rumi’s Contributions

While Amir Khusro and Rumi are primarily known for their spiritual and cultural contributions, their philosophies, teachings, and artistic innovations have had a wider impact in modern times, including in various industrial and business sectors. Their ideas about creativity, innovation, unity, collaboration, and human connection can be applied across various industries to foster a holistic and human-centered approach in the modern world.

Here are some industrial applications inspired by their work:

1. Cultural and Creative Industries

1.1 Cultural Synthesis and Innovation (Amir Khusro)

Amir Khusro’s fusion of Persian and Indian artistic traditions laid the groundwork for creative innovation. His ability to merge diverse cultural elements and create a hybrid form of expression is highly relevant for industries focused on creativity and innovation.

Media and Entertainment: Film production, music, and theater industries can draw from Khusro’s ability to blend cultural themes and artistic forms. Directors, composers, and writers can integrate multiple traditions to create content that appeals to diverse global audiences.
Fashion Industry: The blending of Eastern and Western styles can draw inspiration from Khusro’s artistic cross-pollination, leading to innovative designs and concepts in fashion and textile industries.

1.2 Artistic Expression and Innovation (Rumi)

Rumi’s teachings emphasize spirituality, emotional depth, and creative expression, which are deeply applicable to the arts and entertainment sectors.

Art and Design: Designers and visual artists can draw inspiration from Rumi’s focus on the beauty of the inner self and the creative process. His focus on inner transformation can be translated into visual art, architecture, or product design, where aesthetics are viewed as a form of inner reflection and soul expression.
Literature and Publishing: Writers, poets, and publishers can incorporate Rumi’s themes of love, unity, and transcendence into their works. His philosophical insights into the human condition can enhance creative writing and storytelling in literature and digital publishing.

2. Corporate Culture and Leadership

2.1 Team Collaboration and Unity (Amir Khusro)

Khusro’s work emphasizes the importance of collaboration and cultural harmony. His integration of different languages, cultures, and art forms can be an inspiration for industries that require teams from diverse backgrounds to work together.

Human Resources: HR departments can adopt Khusro’s inclusive approach to create workplaces that embrace diverse perspectives and encourage creative collaboration across cultures and skill sets.
Leadership: Leaders in the corporate world can use Khusro’s ability to navigate and merge different cultural contexts to promote cross-cultural leadership, employee engagement, and organizational harmony. His emphasis on collective effort and cultural synthesis can guide leaders in fostering a collaborative and inclusive corporate culture.

2.2 Emotional Intelligence and Leadership (Rumi)

Rumi’s teachings focus on deep self-awareness, emotional intelligence, and human connection, which are critical aspects of effective leadership.

Executive Leadership: Executives can use Rumi’s philosophy of surrender to the Divine and self-awareness to enhance their emotional intelligence and leadership abilities. Rumi’s emphasis on unity and compassion can foster a leadership style that is rooted in empathy, understanding, and ethical decision-making.
Employee Motivation: Rumi’s motivational concepts can be applied in training programs to encourage employees to find purpose and meaning in their work. By emphasizing spiritual growth and inner fulfillment, Rumi’s teachings can help create a more motivated and engaged workforce.

3. Innovation and Technology

3.1 Creativity and Problem Solving (Amir Khusro)

Amir Khusro’s legacy of fusion and hybridization of different traditions is particularly relevant to innovation and technology industries.

Product Development: Tech companies can draw inspiration from Khusro’s blending of different cultural forms to create innovative products and solutions. Just as Khusro merged Persian poetry with Indian themes, companies can combine technological tools with creative design to develop user-centered products that meet diverse consumer needs.
Cross-disciplinary Collaboration: Amir Khusro’s integration of multiple domains (literature, music, spirituality) into his works can inspire interdisciplinary collaboration in the tech industry, where engineers, designers, and marketers can work together to bring a holistic approach to product development.

3.2 Inspiration for Holistic Design (Rumi)

Rumi’s focus on the inner self and the journey toward unity and transcendence can guide industries in creating holistic solutions for their clients.

Technology Design: Rumi’s philosophy encourages design thinking that takes into account emotional, spiritual, and social aspects of technology usage. User experience designers can use Rumi’s teachings to build technology that fosters mental well-being, emotional balance, and social harmony in an increasingly interconnected world.
Corporate Innovation: Rumi’s ideas on transformation and self-realization can inform the development of disruptive technologies that not only solve practical problems but also improve the human condition. Startups and innovation hubs can create products and services with a human-centered approach, integrating Rumi’s principles of unity, balance, and compassion.

4. Wellness and Mindfulness Industries

4.1 Emotional and Spiritual Wellness (Rumi and Amir Khusro)

Both Rumi and Amir Khusro were deeply involved in spirituality and the inner journey. Their works can inspire the wellness and mindfulness industries.

Mindfulness Practices: Meditation and mindfulness centers can incorporate teachings from both figures to guide people on self-discovery, spiritual awakening, and inner peace. The practice of whirling (inspired by Rumi) or listening to qawwali (inspired by Khusro) can become central to promoting mental health and emotional well-being.
Wellness Products and Services: The philosophy of balance, harmony, and divine love can be incorporated into wellness products such as aromatherapy, yoga, meditation apps, and holistic healing practices, all designed to promote mental and emotional balance.

Conclusion

The ideas and teachings of Amir Khusro and Rumi continue to have a profound impact beyond their original cultural and spiritual contexts. Their emphasis on unity, creativity, love, and spiritual growth offers valuable insights for modern industries ranging from creative arts, corporate leadership, and innovation, to the wellness and mindfulness sectors. By applying their principles, modern businesses and industries can foster a more collaborative, innovative, and human-centered approach to growth and development.

Their legacies are not limited to poetry or music; rather, they offer timeless wisdom that can inspire industries to integrate humanity, creativity, and spirituality into modern practices.

Research and development of Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

Research and Development of Amir Khusro and Rumi: Contributions to Culture, Art, and Philosophy

While Amir Khusro and Rumi were not involved in traditional research and development (R&D) in the modern sense of the term (i.e., scientific or technological innovation), their contributions to philosophy, literature, poetry, and spirituality have inspired a different kind of intellectual development and creative advancement. Their works continue to fuel scholarship, cross-cultural exchanges, and innovative interpretations across various disciplines.

Below is an exploration of how Amir Khusro and Rumi have influenced research and development in the fields of cultural studies, philosophy, literary studies, music, and spirituality.

1. Research and Development in Philosophy and Spirituality

1.1. Development of Sufism and Mysticism (Rumi)

Rumi’s work is deeply rooted in Sufism, the mystic dimension of Islam, and has had an enduring influence on spiritual development worldwide.

Sufi Philosophy: Rumi’s teachings on divine love, unity of being, and spiritual enlightenment are central to the study of Sufism. His masnavi (spiritual poetry) became a major text of Sufi philosophy and has inspired modern scholars in the fields of comparative religion, philosophy of mind, and spirituality.
Research Applications: Rumi’s profound thoughts on the nature of reality, the self, and the universe have led to cross-cultural research in the fields of philosophy and spirituality. His works encourage interdisciplinary studies, connecting philosophy, psychology, and spiritual practices like meditation, leading to research on well-being and inner peace in modern psychology.

1.2. The Concept of Divine Union and Transformation

Rumi’s exploration of the soul’s union with the Divine and his emphasis on self-transformation has influenced the development of consciousness studies and spiritual psychology. Modern psychological research into mindfulness, meditation, and self-actualization often draws from Rumi’s ideas about inner transformation and the search for the Divine.

2. Research and Development in Literature and Poetry

2.1. Literary Influence (Rumi & Amir Khusro)

Both Rumi and Amir Khusro are pillars of Persian literature and have had an enduring impact on world literature.

Poetry as a Research Area: The ghazals and masnavis of Rumi, and the qawwali and sufi poetry of Khusro, have inspired scholars worldwide to research and develop new interpretations of the works. Both poets were adept at combining metaphysical themes with lyrical beauty, leading to the study of symbolism and imagery in literary analysis.
Multilingual Influence: Amir Khusro’s contributions to multilingual poetry, blending Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and Hindi, have provided scholars with rich material for studying language evolution, cultural exchange, and linguistic diversity in South Asia and beyond.

2.2. Cross-Cultural Research

Both Khusro and Rumi are emblematic of the cultural fusion between Eastern and Western traditions. Their works have inspired significant cross-cultural research in literature, linguistics, and cultural studies, with particular attention to the blending of Islamic mysticism, Indian philosophy, and Persian poetic forms.

Indo-Persian Literature: Khusro’s contributions to the Indo-Persian literary tradition, particularly his fusion of Indian musical traditions with Persian classical music, have led to research in comparative literature and musicology.
Translation and Interpretation: Scholars of Rumi and Khusro have worked to translate their works into various languages, including English, Turkish, Arabic, and other regional languages, and these translations have become a vital source of cultural exchange.

3. Research and Development in Music and Arts

3.1. Music Innovation and Qawwali (Amir Khusro)

Amir Khusro is credited with the development of qawwali, a musical tradition associated with Sufism and spiritual expression. His integration of Persian and Indian musical styles led to the creation of new musical forms.

Sufi Music: Khusro’s contributions to Sufi music and qawwali have had a profound impact on ethnomusicology. Scholars have researched the fusion of Indian ragas with Persian musical modes and their influence on classical music in South Asia. Khusro’s work on melodic innovation and rhythmic structures continues to be explored in musicological studies.
Cross-Cultural Music Theory: The fusion of Persian and Indian music theory, as exemplified by Khusro, has led to an exploration of how musical traditions can be blended for creative innovation in modern music composition.

3.2. Whirling Dervishes and Dance (Rumi)

Rumi’s influence on whirling (performed by the Mevlevi Order of Sufis) is significant in the development of spiritual dance as a means of achieving spiritual transcendence.

Study of Dance and Movement: Rumi’s concept of the whirling dervish as a form of spiritual practice has led to research on the role of movement and ritual dance in religious practices, as well as their therapeutic benefits.
Dance Therapy: The modern adaptation of dance therapy and movement practices can trace roots to Rumi’s use of dance as a spiritual practice. Scholars in the field of art therapy and dance studies have researched how movement can help achieve a mind-body connection and contribute to emotional well-being.

4. Interdisciplinary Research in Psychology and Well-being

4.1. Psychological Research on Self-Transformation

Both Rumi and Khusro emphasize the idea of spiritual awakening and inner transformation. These themes have been explored in psychological research.

Mindfulness and Meditation: Rumi’s teachings about self-realization and Khusro’s poetry have inspired research into mindfulness practices, focusing on their impact on mental health, emotional well-being, and self-actualization.
Emotional Intelligence: Rumi’s emphasis on self-awareness and empathy has been instrumental in the development of emotional intelligence as a field in psychology. His work encourages individuals to connect to their emotional selves, fostering empathy and compassion.

4.2. Transcendence and Spiritual Psychology

Rumi’s exploration of spiritual transcendence and the unity of being has spurred research in transpersonal psychology—a field that studies the spiritual aspects of human experience and development.

5. Research and Development in Interfaith and Comparative Religion

5.1. Comparative Studies of Sufism and Other Religious Practices

Rumi’s teachings, while deeply rooted in Islamic mysticism, have found resonance in other religious and philosophical systems. This has led to the development of interfaith research focusing on common spiritual themes.

Unity of Religions: The study of interfaith dialogue and the commonality of mystic traditions in various religions has expanded with Rumi’s philosophy. Scholars researching comparative religions often cite his teachings to foster understanding and tolerance among different spiritual traditions.
Philosophical Dialogue: Rumi’s philosophy of universal love and interconnectedness has inspired academic work in interreligious philosophy, promoting the study of universal values across diverse spiritual traditions.

Conclusion

While Amir Khusro and Rumi were not involved in the modern conception of research and development (R&D) in science and technology, their contributions have profoundly shaped fields like literature, philosophy, music, psychology, and spirituality. Their works have led to the development of interdisciplinary research that bridges cultural and intellectual domains across the world.

Today, the study of their teachings and works continues to influence academic disciplines, cultural practices, and modern R&D fields, demonstrating their lasting impact on human understanding and development.

COURTESY : Niyazi Sufi Mehfil-e-Sama

References

^ Jump up to:^a ^b Ritter, H.; Bausani, A. “ḎJ̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī b. Bahāʾ al-Dīn Sulṭān al-ʿulamāʾ Walad b. Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad Ḵh̲aṭībī.” Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. Excerpt: “known by the sobriquet Mewlānā, persian poet and founder of the Mewlewiyya order of dervishes”
^ “Rumi | Biography, Poems, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. 7 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
^ Harmless, William (2007). Mystics. Oxford University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-19-804110-8.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Annemarie Schimmel, “I Am Wind, You Are Fire,” p. 11. She refers to a 1989 article by Fritz Meier:Tajiks and Persian admirers still prefer to call Jalaluddin ‘Balkhi’ because his family lived in Balkh, current day in Afghanistan before migrating westward. However, their home was not in the actual city of Balkh, since the mid-eighth century a center of Muslim culture in (Greater) Khorasan (Iran and Central Asia). Rather, as Meier has shown, it was in the small town of Wakhsh north of the Oxus that Baha’uddin Walad, Jalaluddin’s father, lived and worked as a jurist and preacher with mystical inclinations. Lewis, Rumi : Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi, 2000, pp. 47–49.Lewis has devoted two pages of his book to the topic of Wakhsh, which he states has been identified with the medieval town of Lêwkand (or Lâvakand) or Sangtude, which is about 65 kilometers southeast of Dushanbe, the capital of present-day Tajikistan. He says it is on the east bank of the Vakhshâb river, a major tributary that joins the Amu Daryâ river (also called Jayhun, and named the Oxus by the Greeks). He further states: “Bahâ al-Din may have been born in Balkh, but at least between June 1204 and 1210 (Shavvâl 600 and 607), during which time Rumi was born, Bahâ al-Din resided in a house in Vakhsh (Bah 2:143 [= Bahâ’ uddîn Walad’s] book, “Ma`ârif.”). Vakhsh, rather than Balkh was the permanent base of Bahâ al-Din and his family until Rumi was around five years old (mei 16–35) [= from a book in German by the scholar Fritz Meier—note inserted here]. At that time, in about the year 1212 (A.H. 608–609), the Walads moved to Samarqand (Fih 333; Mei 29–30, 36) [= reference to Rumi’s “Discourses” and to Fritz Meier’s book—note inserted here], leaving behind Baâ al-Din’s mother, who must have been at least seventy-five years old.”
^ The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Rumi Meditations, Penguin Group, 2008, p. 48, ISBN 9781592577361
^ Lewis, Franklin D. (2014). Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The life, Teaching and poetry of Jalal Al-Din Rumi. Simon and Schuster. pp. 15–16, 52, 60, 89.
^ Zarrinkoob, Abdolhossein (2005). Serr-e Ney. Vol. 1. Instisharat-i Ilmi. p. 447.
^ Ramin Jahanbegloo, In Search of the Sacred : A Conversation with Seyyed Hossein Nasr on His Life and Thought, ABC-CLIO (2010), p. 141
^ Ahmad, Imtiaz. “The Place of Rumi in Muslim Thought.” Islamic Quarterly 24.3 (1980): 67.
^ Lewis, Franklin D. (2008). Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The life, Teaching and poetry of Jalal Al-Din Rumi. Oneworld Publication. p. 9. How is that a Persian boy born almost eight hundred years ago in Khorasan, the northeastern province of greater Iran, in a region that we identify today as in Central Asia, but was considered in those days as part of the greater Persian cultural sphere, wound up in central Anatolia on the receding edge of the Byzantine cultural sphere, in what is now Turkey, some 1,500 miles to the west?
^ Schimmel, Annemarie (7 April 1994). The Mystery of Numbers. Oxford University Press. p. 51. These examples are taken from the Persian mystic Rumi’s work, not from Chinese, but they express the yang-yin [sic] relationship with perfect lucidity.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Annemarie Schimmel, The Triumphal Sun: A Study of the Works of Jalaloddin Rumi, SUNY Press, 1993, p. 193: “Rumi’s mother tongue was Persian, but he had learned during his stay in Konya, enough Turkish and Greek to use it, now and then, in his verse.”
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Lewis, Franklin: “On the question of Rumi’s multilingualism (pp. 315–317), we may still say that he spoke and wrote in Persian as a native language, wrote and conversed in Arabic as a learned “foreign” language and could at least get by at the market in Turkish and Greek (although some wildly extravagant claims have been made about his command of Attic Greek, or his native tongue being Turkish) (Lewis 2008:xxi). (Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi, 2008). Lewis also points out that: “Living among Turks, Rumi also picked up some colloquial Turkish.” (Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi, 2008, p. 315). He also mentions Rumi composed thirteen lines in Greek (Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi, One World Publication Limited, 2008, p. 316). On Rumi’s son, Sultan Walad, Lewis mentions: “Sultan Walad elsewhere admits that he has little knowledge of Turkish” (Sultan Walad): Lewis, Rumi, “Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi, One World Publication Limited, 2008, p. 239) and “Sultan Valad did not feel confident about his command of Turkish” (Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, 2000, p. 240)
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Δέδες, Δ. (1993). “Ποιήματα του Μαυλανά Ρουμή” [Poems by Mowlānā Rūmī]. Τα Ιστορικά. 10 (18–19): 3–22.
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^ “Greek Verses of Rumi & Sultan Walad”. uci.edu. 22 April 2009. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012.
^ Gardet, Louis (1977). “Religion and Culture”. In Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.). The Cambridge History of Islam, Part VIII: Islamic Society and Civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 586. It is sufficient to mention ‘Aziz al-Din Nasafi, Farid al-Din ‘Attar and Sa’adi, and above all Jalal al-Din Rumi, whose Mathnawi remains one of the purest literary glories of Persia
^ Jump up to:^a ^b C.E. Bosworth, “Turkmen Expansion towards the west” in UNESCO History of Humanity, Volume IV, titled “From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century”, UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: “While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkmen must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the 13th century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā’ al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whose Mathnawī, composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature.”
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “Rumi work translated into Kurdish”. Hürriyet Daily News. 30 January 2015.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Seyyed, Hossein Nasr (1987). Islamic Art and Spirituality. Suny Press. p. 115. Jalal al-Din was born in a major center of Persian culture, Balkh, from Persian speaking parents, and is the product of that Islamic Persian culture which in the 7th/13th century dominated the ‘whole of the eastern lands of Islam and to which present day Persians as well as Turks, Afghans, Central Asian Muslims and the Muslims of the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent are heir. It is precisely in this world that the sun of his spiritual legacy has shone most brillianty during the past seven centuries. The father of Jalal al-Din, Muhammad ibn Husayn Khatibi, known as Baha al-Din Walad and entitled Sultan al-‘ulama’, was an outstanding Sufi in Balkh connected to the spiritual lineage of Najm al-Din Kubra.
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^ Jump up to:^a ^b Haviland, Charles (30 September 2007). “The roar of Rumi—800 years on”. BBC News. Retrieved 30 September 2007.
^ “Dîvân-i Kebîr Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī”. OMI – Old Manuscripts & Incunabula. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
^ Ciabattari, Jane (21 October 2014). “Why is Rumi the best-selling poet in the US?”. BBC News. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
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^ Sipahsalar, Faridun bin Ahmad (1946). Sa’id Nafisi (ed.). Risala-yi Ahwal-i Mawlana. Tehran. p. 5.
^ Rumi (2015). Selected Poems. Penguin Books. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-14-196911-4.
^ Lewis, Franklin (2008). Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teachings and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi. One World Publication Limited. p. 9.
^ “ملای روم” in Dehkhoda Dictionary
^ H. Ritter, 1991, DJALĀL al-DĪN RŪMĪ, The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Volume II: C–G), 393.
^ Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī (Maulana), Ibrahim Gamard, Rumi and Islam: Selections from His Stories, Poems, and Discourses, Annotated & Explained, SkyLight Paths Publishing, 2004.
^ Yalman, Suzan (7 July 2016), “Badr al-Dīn Tabrīzī”, Encyclopaedia of Islam THREE, Brill, retrieved 7 June 2023, Badr al–Dīn Tabrīzī was the architect of the original tomb built for Mawlānā Jalāl al–Dīn Rūmī (d. 672/1273, in Konya), the great Persian mystic and poet.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic Art and Spirituality, SUNY Press, 1987. p. 115: “Jalal al-Din was born in a major center of Persian culture, Balkh, from Persian speaking parents, and is the product of that Islamic Persian culture which in the 7th/13th century dominated the ‘whole of the eastern lands of Islam and to which present day Persians as well as Turks, Afghans, Central Asian Muslims and the Muslims of the Indo-Pakistani and the Muslims of the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent are heir. It is precisely in this world that the sun of his spiritual legacy has shone most brilliantly during the past seven centuries. The father of Jalal al-Din, Muhammad ibn Husayn Khatibi, known as Baha al-Din Walad and entitled Sultan al-‘ulama’, was an outstanding Sufi in Balkh connected to the spiritual lineage of Najm al-Din Kubra.”
^ Lewis: Rumi: Past and Present, East and West. The Life Teachings and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi. One World Publications, Oxford, 2000, S. 47.
^ Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The life, Teaching and poetry of Jalal Al-Din Rumi, Oneworld Publication Limited, 2008 p. 9: “How is that a Persian boy born almost eight hundred years ago in Khorasan, the northeastern province of greater Iran, in a region that we identify today as Central Asia, but was considered in those days as part of the greater Persian cultural sphere, wound up in central Anatolia on the receding edge of the Byzantine cultural sphere”
^ Jafri, Maqsood, The gleam of wisdom, Sigma Press, 2003. p. 238: “Rumi has influenced a large number of writers while on the other hand he himself was under the great influence of Sanai and Attar.
^ Arberry, A. J., Sufism: An Account of the Mystics of Islam, Courier Dover Publications, November 9, 2001. p. 141.
^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, The Garden of Truth: The Vision and Promise of Sufism, Islam’s Mystical Tradition, HarperCollins, 2 September 2008. p. 130: “Attar has traversed the seven cities of Love, We are still at the turn of one street!”
^ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, (Rutgers University Press, 2002), 157; “…the Seljuk court at Konya adopted Persian as its official language”.
^ Aḥmad of Niǧde’s “al-Walad al-Shafīq” and the Seljuk Past, A.C.S. Peacock, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 54, (2004), 97; With the growth of Seljuk power in Rum, a more highly developed Muslim cultural life, based on the Persianate culture of the Great Seljuk court, was able to take root in Anatolia
^ Findley, Carter Vaughn, The Turks in World History, Oxford University Press, 11 November 2004. p. 72: Meanwhile, amid the migratory swarm that Turkified Anatolia, the dispersion of learned men from the Persian-speaking east paradoxically made the Seljuks court at Konya a new center for Persian court culture, as exemplified by the great mystical poet Jelaleddin Rumi (1207–1273).
^ Barks, Coleman, Rumi: The Book of Love: Poems of Ecstasy and Longing, HarperCollins, 2005, p. xxv, ISBN 978-0-06-075050-3.
^ Note: Rumi’s shrine is now known as the “Mevlâna Museum” in Turkey.
^ Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2000.How is it that a Persian boy born almost eight hundred years ago in Khorasan, the northeastern province of greater Iran, in a region that we identify today as Central Asia, but was considered in those days as part of the Greater Persian cultural sphere, wound up in Central Anatolia on the receding edge of the Byzantine cultural sphere, in which is now Turkey
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2008 (revised edition), pp. 90–92: “Baha al-Din’s disciples also traced his family lineage to the first caliph, Abu Bakr (Sep 9; Af 7; JNO 457; Dow 213). This probably stems from willful confusion over his paternal great grandmother, who was the daughter of Abu Bakr of Sarakhs, a noted jurist (d. 1090). The most complete genealogy offered for family stretches back only six or seven generations and cannot reach to Abu Bakr, the companion and first caliph of the Prophet, who died two years after the Prophet, in C.E. 634 (FB 5–6 n.3).”
^ Can, Sefik (2006). Fundamentals Of Rumis Thought. Tughra Books. ISBN 9781597846134.
^ Algar, H., “BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD WALAD“, Encyclopedia Iranica. There is no reference to such descent in the works of Bahāʾ-e Walad and Mawlānā Jalāl-al-Dīn or in the inscriptions on their sarcophagi. The attribution may have arisen from confusion between the caliph and another Abū Bakr, Šams-al-Aʾemma Abū Bakr Saraḵsī (d. 483/1090), the well-known Hanafite jurist, whose daughter, Ferdows Ḵātūn, was the mother of Aḥmad Ḵaṭīb, Bahāʾ-e Walad’s grandfather (see Forūzānfar, Resāla, p. 6). Tradition also links Bahāʾ-e Walad’s lineage to the Ḵᵛārazmšāh^{[check spelling]} dynasty. His mother is said to have been the daughter of ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Moḥammad Ḵārazmšāh^{[check spelling]} (d. 596/1200), but this appears to be excluded for chronological reasons (Forūzānfar, Resāla, p. 7).
^ (Ritter, H.; Bausani, A. “ḎJalāl al- Dīn Rūmī b. Bahāʾ al-Dīn Sulṭān al-ʿulamāʾ Walad b. Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad Ḵhaṭībī”. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. Excerpt: “known by the sobriquet Mawlānā (Mevlâna), Persian poet and founder of the Mawlawiyya order of dervishes”): “The assertions that his family tree goes back to Abū Bakr, and that his mother was a daughter of the Ḵhwārizmshāh ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad (Aflākī, i, 8–9) do not hold on closer examination (B. Furūzānfarr, Mawlānā Ḏjalāl Dīn, Tehrān 1315, 7; ʿAlīnaḳī Sharīʿatmadārī, Naḳd-i matn-i mathnawī, in Yaghmā, xii (1338), 164; Aḥmad Aflākī, Ariflerin menkibeleri, trans. Tahsin Yazıcı, Ankara 1953, i, Önsöz, 44).”).
^ Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2008 (revised edition). p. 44: “Baha al-Din’s father, Hosayn, had been a religious scholar with a bent for asceticism, occupied like his own father before him, Ahmad, with the family profession of preacher (khatib). Of the four canonical schools of Sunni Islam, the family adhered to the relatively liberal Hanafi fiqh. Hosayn-e Khatibi enjoyed such renown in his youth—so says Aflaki with characteristic exaggeration—that Razi al-Din Nayshapuri and other famous scholars came to study with him (Af 9; for the legend about Baha al-Din, see below, “The Mythical Baha al-Din”). Another report indicates that Baha al-Din’s grandfather, Ahmad al-Khatibi, was born to Ferdows Khatun, a daughter of the reputed Hanafite jurist and author Shams al-A’emma Abu Bakr of Sarakhs, who died circa 1088 (Af 75; FB 6 n.4; Mei 74 n. 17). This is far from implausible and, if true, would tend to suggest that Ahmad al-Khatabi had studied under Shams al-A’emma. Prior to that the family could supposedly trace its roots back to Isfahan. We do not learn the name of Baha al-Din’s mother in the sources, only that he referred to her as “Mama” (Mami), and that she lived to the 1200s.” (p. 44)
^ Ahmed, Akbar (2011). Suspended Somewhere Between: A Book of Verse. PM Press. pp. i. ISBN 978-1-60486-485-4.
^ El-Fers, Mohamed (2009). Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi. MokumTV. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4092-9291-3.
^ “Hz. Mawlana and Shams”. semazen.net.
^ The Essential Rumi. Translations by Coleman Barks, p. xx.
^ Rumi: Daylight: A Daybook of Spiritual Guidance. Shambhala Publications. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8348-2517-8.
^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1987). Islamic Art and Spirituality. SUNY Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-88706-174-5.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c Mojaddedi, Jawid (2004). “Introduction”. Rumi, Jalal al-Din. The Masnavi, Book One. Oxford University Press (Kindle Edition). p. xix.
^ “Mevlana Jalal al-din Rumi”. Anatolia.com. 2 February 2002. Archived from the original on 2 February 2002.
^ Crane, H. (1993). “Notes on Saldjūq Architectural Patronage in Thirteenth Century Anatolia”. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 36 (1): 1–57. doi:10.1163/156852093X00010. JSTOR 3632470. ProQuest 1304344524.
^ Chittick, William C. (2017). “RUMI, JALĀL-AL-DIN vii. Philosophy”. Encyclopaedia Iranica.
^ Ibrahim Gamard (with gratitude for R. A. Nicholson’s 1930 British translation). The Mathnawî-yé Ma’nawî – Rhymed Couplets of Deep Spiritual Meaning of Jalaluddin Rumi.
^ Naini, Majid. The Mysteries of the Universe and Rumi’s Discoveries on the Majestic Path of Love.
^ Mojaddedi, Jawid (2004). “Introduction”. Rumi, Jalal al-Din. The Masnavi, Book One. Oxford University Press (Kindle Edition). p. xix. Rumi’s Masnavi holds an exalted status in the rich canon of Persian Sufi literature as the greatest mystical poem ever written. It is even referred to commonly as ‘the Koran in Persian’.
^ Abdul Rahman Jami notes:من چه گویم وصف آن عالی‌جناب — نیست پیغمبر ولی دارد کتابمثنویّ معنویّ مولوی — هست قرآن در زبان پهلویWhat can I say in praise of that great one?
He is not a Prophet but has come with a book;
The Spiritual Masnavi of Mowlavi
Is the Qur’an in the language of Pahlavi (Persian).(Khawaja Abdul Hamid Irfani, “The Sayings of Rumi and Iqbal”, Bazm-e-Rumi, 1976.)
^ Mojaddedi, Jawid (2004). “Introduction”. Rumi, Jalal al-Din. The Masnavi, Book One. Oxford University Press (Kindle Edition). pp. xii–xiii. Towards the end of his life he presented the fruit of his experience of Sufism in the form of the Masnavi, which has been judged by many commentators, both within the Sufi tradition and outside it, to be the greatest mystical poem ever written.
^ Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2008 (revised edition). p. 306: “The manuscripts versions differ greatly in the size of the text and orthography. Nicholson’s text has 25,577 lines though the average medieval and early modern manuscripts contained around 27,000 lines, meaning the scribes added two thousand lines or about eight percent more to the poem composed by Rumi. Some manuscripts give as many as 32,000!”
^ Virani, Shafique N. (January 2019). “Persian Poetry, Sufism and Ismailism: The Testimony of Khwājah Qāsim Tushtarī’s Recognizing God”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 29 (1): 17–49. doi:10.1017/S1356186318000494. S2CID 165288246. ProQuest 2300038453.
^ Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teaching, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi (2008), p. 314: “The Foruzanfar’s edition of the Divan-e Shams compromises 3229 ghazals and qasidas making a total of almost 35000 lines, not including several hundred lines of stanzaic poems and nearly two thousand quatrains attributed to him”
^ Dar al-Masnavi Website, accessed December 2009: According to the Dar al-Masnavi website: “In Forûzânfar’s edition of Rumi’s Divan, there are 90 ghazals (Vol. 1, 29; Vol. 2, 1; Vol. 3, 6; Vol. 4, 8; Vol. 5, 19, Vol. 6, 0; Vol. 7, 27) and 19 quatrains entirely in Arabic. In addition, there are ghazals which are all Arabic except for the final line; many have one or two lines in Arabic within the body of the poem; some have as many as 9–13 consecutive lines in Arabic, with Persian verses preceding and following; some have alternating lines in Persian, then Arabic; some have the first half of the verse in Persian, the second half in Arabic.”
^ Mecdut MensurOghlu: “The Divan of Jalal al-Din Rumi contains 35 couplets in Turkish and Turkish-Persian which have recently been published me” (Celal al-Din Rumi’s turkische Verse: UJb. XXIV (1952), pp. 106–115)
^ Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teaching, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi (2008): “a couple of dozen at most of the 35,000 lines of the Divan-I Shams are in Turkish, and almost all of these lines occur in poems that are predominantly in Persian”.
^ Nicholas, Nick (22 April 2009). “Greek Verses of Rumi & Sultan Walad”. Opoudjis.
^ Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West: The Life, Teaching, and Poetry of Jalâl al-Din Rumi (2008): “Three poems have bits of demotic Greek; these have been identified and translated into French, along with some Greek verses of Sultan Valad. Golpinarli (GM 416–417) indicates according to Vladimir Mir Mirughli, the Greek used in some of Rumi’s macaronic poems reflects the demotic Greek of the inhabitants of Anatolia. Golpinarli then argues that Rumi knew classical Persian and Arabic with precision, but typically composes poems in a more popular or colloquial Persian and Arabic.”
^ Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West — The Life, Teachings, and Poetry of Jalal al-Din Rumi, Oneworld Publications, 2000, Chapter 7.
^ “As Safa points out (Saf 2:1206) the Discourse reflect the stylistics of oral speech and lacks the sophisticated word plays, Arabic vocabulary and sound patterning that we would except from a consciously literary text of this period. Once again, the style of Rumi as lecturer or orator in these discourses does not reflect an audience of great intellectual pretensions, but rather middle-class men and women, along with number of statesmen and rulers” (Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2008, p. 292).
^ Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2008, p. 293.
^ Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2008, p. 295: “In contrast with the prose of his Discourses and sermons, the style of the letters is consciously sophisticated and epistolary, in conformity with the expectations of correspondence directed to nobles, statesmen and kings.”
^ Demmrich, Sarah, and Ulrich Riegel, eds. Western and Eastern perspectives on religion and religiosity. Vol. 14. Waxmann Verlag, 2020. p. 51
^ Demmrich, Sarah, and Ulrich Riegel, eds. Western and Eastern perspectives on religion and religiosity. Vol. 14. Waxmann Verlag, 2020. p. 52
^ Demmrich, Sarah, and Ulrich Riegel, eds. Western and Eastern perspectives on religion and religiosity. Vol. 14. Waxmann Verlag, 2020. p. 53
^ Demmrich, Sarah, and Ulrich Riegel, eds. Western and Eastern perspectives on religion and religiosity. Vol. 14. Waxmann Verlag, 2020. p. 55
^ Rumi: 53 Secrets from the Tavern of Love, trans. by Amin Banani and Anthony A. Lee, p. 3
^ Verse (21:107) – English Translation
^ Gamard, Ibrahim (2004). Rumi and Islam. SkyLight Paths. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-59473-002-3.
^ Gamard, Ibrahim (2004). Rumi and Islam. SkyLight Paths. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-59473-002-3.
^ Lewis 2000, pp. 407–408
^ Lewis 2000, p. 408
^ Gamard, Ibrahim. Rumi and Self Discovery. Dar al Masnavi.
^ Gamard, Ibrahim (2004). Rumi and Islam. SkyLight Paths. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-59473-002-3.
^ About the Masnavi, Dar Al-Masnavi
^ Tasbihi, Eliza (2016). “Sabzawārī’s Sharḥ-i Asrār: A Philosophical Commentary on Rūmīʾs ‘Mathnawī'”. Mawlana Rumi Review. 7: 175–196. doi:10.1163/25898566-00701009. JSTOR 45236376.
^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, “Rumi and the Sufi Tradition,” in Chelkowski (ed.), The Scholar and the Saint, p. 183
^ Quoted in Ibrahim Gamard, Rumi and Islam: Selections from His Stories, Poems, and Discourses — Annotated and Explained, p. 171.
^ “Rumi Network by Shahram Shiva – The World’s Most Popular Website on Rumi”. rumi.net.
^ “University of Tehran”. ut.ac.ir. Archived from the original on 7 May 2006.
^ Curiel, Jonathan, San Francisco Chronicle Staff Writer, Islamic verses: The influence of Muslim literature in the United States has grown stronger since the 11 Sep attacks (6 February 2005), Available online (Retrieved Aug 2006)
^ “Rumi in the Land of Khusrau (Full Movie )”. Indian Diplomacy. 2 June 2012. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2000.
^ See for example 4th grade Iranian school book where the story of the Parrot and Merchant from the Mathnawi is taught to students^{[verification needed]}
^ Hiro, Dilip (1 November 2011). Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz stan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran. The Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-59020-378-1.^{[page needed]}
^ Uyar, Yaprak Melike; Beşiroğlu, Ş. Şehvar (2014). “Recent representations of the music of the Mevlevi Order of Sufism”. Journal of Interdisciplinary Music Studies. 6 (2): 137–150. doi:10.4407/jims.2014.02.002.
^ “Sufism”. gmu.edu.
^ “Rumi’s Special Companion Salah-eddin Zarkoub”.
^ “Islamic Supreme Council of America – Islamic Supreme Council of America”. www.islamicsupremecouncil.org. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013.
^ “Mevlâna Celâleddin Rumi”. Archived from the original on 6 May 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “About the Mevlevi Order of America”. hayatidede.org. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
^ Hanut, Eryk (2000). Rumi: The Card and Book Pack : Meditation, Inspiration, Self-discovery. The Rumi Card Book. Tuttle Publishing. xiii. ISBN 978-1-885203-95-3.
^ “Web Page Under Construction”. Archived from the original on 25 March 2006.
^ Mango, Andrew, Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey, (2002), ISBN 978-1-58567-011-6.
^ “Intro”. Archived from the original on 4 September 2006.
^ The Mevlevi Sema Ceremony UNESCO.
^ Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group—Five Thousand Turkish Lira—I. Series Archived 2 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine, II. Series Archived 2 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine & III. Series. Retrieved 20 April 2009. Archived 3 June 2009 at WebCite
^ Browne, Edward G., A Literary History of Persia from the Earliest Times Until Firdawsh, 543 pp., Adamant Media Corporation, 2002, ISBN 978-1-4021-6045-5, 978-1-4021-6045-5 (see p. 437).
^ Schimmel, Annemarie, Deciphering the Signs of God, 302 pp., SUNY Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-7914-1982-3, 978-0-7914-1982-3 (see p. 210).
^ “Haber, Haberler, Güncel Haberler, Ekonomi, Dünya, Gündem Haberleri, Son Dakika, – Zaman Gazetesi”. zaman.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2006.
^ “UNESCO: 800th Anniversary of the Birth of Mawlana Jalal-ud-Din Balkhi-Rumi”. UNESCO. 6 September 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2014. The prominent Persian language poet, thinker and spiritual master, Mevlana Celaleddin Belhi-Rumi was born in 1207 in Balkh, presently Afghanistan.
^ “UNESCO. Executive Board; 175th; UNESCO Medal in honour of Mawlana Jalal-ud-Din Balkhi-Rumi; 2006” (PDF). UNESDOC – UNESCO Documents and Publications. October 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
^ “همشهری آنلاین”. Archived from the original on 30 October 2007.
^ “Int’l congress on Molana opens in Tehran”. 28 October 2007. Archived from the original on 20 December 2007.
^ Iran Daily — Arts & Culture — 10/03/06 Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ “News | Chnpress”. www.chnpress.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
^ “Podcast Episode: Living Dialogues: Coleman Barks: The Soul of Rumi (Thought-Leaders in Transforming Ourselves and Our Global Community with Duncan Campbell, Visionary Conversationalist), Living Dialogues.com”. personallifemedia.com. 14 April 2023.
^ “300 dervishes whirl for Rumi in Turkey”. Tehran Times. 29 September 2007.
^ “Mawlana Rumi Review”. ISSN 2042-3357.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b “archetypebooks.com”. Archived from the original on 17 December 2004.
^ Lewisohn, Leonard. “Editor’s Note”. Mawlana Rumi Review.
^ Rumi, Jalaloddin. “Rumi on fire”. translated by Shahriar Shahriari. Retrieved 2 January 2020.

Vrindawan Academy

Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

Similarities between Khusro and Rumi:

What is Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

Differences and Similarities:

Who is required Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

1. Followers of Sufism

2. Poetry Enthusiasts and Literary Scholars

3. People Seeking Spiritual Enlightenment

4. Musicians and Artists

5. People Interested in Interfaith Understanding

When is required Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

1. Spiritual or Mystical Seeking

2. During Religious or Sufi Celebrations

3. In Moments of Crisis or Personal Transformation

4. In Artistic or Creative Endeavors

5. In Educational and Cultural Contexts

6. During the Practice of Meditation and Mindfulness

Where is required Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

1. Sufi Shrines and Spiritual Centers

2. Regions with a Strong Sufi Tradition

3. Islamic and Sufi Educational Institutions

4. Cultural and Literary Events

5. Global Communities of Mysticism and Philosophy

6. Museums and Cultural Heritage Centers

7. In the Modern Digital Age

8. In Educational Settings

Conclusion

How is required Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

1. Spiritual Guidance and Mysticism

2. Cultural and Literary Influence

3. Musical and Performative Traditions

4. Interfaith Dialogue

5. Educational and Scholarly Importance

6. Global and Modern-Day Relevance

Conclusion

Case study is Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

Case Study: Amir Khusro and Rumi – Cultural and Spiritual Pioneers

Introduction

Objective

1. Amir Khusro (1253–1325)

Background

Key Contributions

Impact

2. Rumi (1207–1273)

Background

Key Contributions

Impact

Conclusion

White paper on Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

White Paper on Amir Khusro and Rumi: A Cultural and Spiritual Legacy

Executive Summary

Introduction

1.1 Biography and Historical Context

1.2 Contributions to Literature

1.3 Contributions to Music

1.4 Lasting Impact

2.1 Biography and Historical Context

2.2 Contributions to Literature

2.3 Philosophy and Spirituality

2.4 Global Influence

Conclusion

Industrial application of Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

Industrial Applications of Amir Khusro and Rumi’s Contributions

1. Cultural and Creative Industries

1.1 Cultural Synthesis and Innovation (Amir Khusro)

1.2 Artistic Expression and Innovation (Rumi)

2. Corporate Culture and Leadership

2.1 Team Collaboration and Unity (Amir Khusro)

2.2 Emotional Intelligence and Leadership (Rumi)

3. Innovation and Technology

3.1 Creativity and Problem Solving (Amir Khusro)

3.2 Inspiration for Holistic Design (Rumi)

4. Wellness and Mindfulness Industries

4.1 Emotional and Spiritual Wellness (Rumi and Amir Khusro)

Conclusion

Research and development of Amir Khusro, Rumi ?

Research and Development of Amir Khusro and Rumi: Contributions to Culture, Art, and Philosophy

1. Research and Development in Philosophy and Spirituality

1.1. Development of Sufism and Mysticism (Rumi)